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171.
在现有GPS星座和大气球对称假设条件下,利用射线追踪法对掩星事件进行了数值模拟,讨论了大气折射指数垂直分布、LEO卫星轨道倾角和高度对GPS掩星切点水平漂移的影响情况。结果表明:在太阳活动剧烈的白天和夜间两种典型情况下,切点平均水平漂移变化约20 km;对735 km高度的LEO卫星来说,轨道倾角在130°附近时,切点平均水平漂移最小,并随着倾角向0°或180°变化,切点平均水平漂移均增大,但在55°附近时随倾角变化稍有波动;对倾角为70°的LEO卫星来说,当轨道高度从400 km变化到1500 km时,切点平均水平漂移变化约141 km,且随高度增加而单调减小 相似文献
172.
某水电站长探洞的岩爆特征 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
周春宏 《地质灾害与环境保护》2006,17(1):78-81
从岩爆发生的形式、特征等方面,闸述处于高地应力地区的某水电站长探洞在掘进过程中所发生岩爆问题,并提出对于埋深大、洞径大引水隧洞,由于存在尺寸效应问题,在今后的施工过程中将不可避免地遇到岩爆问题,且发生岩爆的量级将比长探洞要严重,局部洞段可能性发生强烈—极强岩爆,将严重威胁施工设备和作业人员的安全,并制约工程的进展。 相似文献
173.
海气耦合环流模式及耦合技术的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
介绍了近年来国内外海气耦合环流模式的研究、发展趋势,对不同模式的耦合技术及其人预报试验进行了综合分析,从ENSO预测与耦合环流模式的组成分类、模式的气候漂移及其处理技术(耦合方案)的特点,模式的季节、年际、年代际预报能力等方面评述了当前海气耦合环流模式的研究进展和影响耦合模式预报能力的有关问题,指出目前发展海气耦合模式的观难点所在,并就我国现状提出了进行针对性研究的具体想法。 相似文献
174.
Rivers and streams are unstable environments in which estimation of energetic costs and benefits of habitat utilization are the daunting exercise. Empirical models of food consumption may be used to estimate energetic benefits based on abiotic and biotic conditions in patches of habitat. We performed thirty daily surveys of fish stomach contents to estimate the consumption rates for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a river. The data were used to assess whether variations of daily consumption rates existed within the river, and to develop empirical models that could predict fish consumption rates using abiotic and biotic conditions as independent variables. Daily consumption rates based on stomach content surveys in the field (range: 0.15–1.49 g dry/(100 g wet day)) varied significantly depending on habitat patch (500–1000 m2), summer period, and sampling year. Variables such as water temperature, numerical density of salmon, water depth and moon phase explained 83–93% of the variations in daily food consumption rates. Daily consumption rates tended to increase with water temperature and depth, and were also higher near a full moon. However, they tended to decrease with the numerical density of salmon. Our work suggests that empirical models based on independent variables that are relatively simple to estimate in the field may be developed to predict fish consumption rates in different habitat patches in a river. 相似文献
175.
176.
一个灵活的海洋——大气耦合环流模式 总被引:20,自引:13,他引:20
Based on the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Climate System Model version 1(CSM-1), a Flexible coupled General Circulation Model version 0 (FGCM-0) is developed in this study through replacing CSM-1's oceanic component model with IAP L30T63 global oceanic general circulation model and some necessary modifications of the other component models. After the coupled model FGCM--0 is spun up for dozens of years, it has been run for 60 years without flux correction. The model does not only show the reasonable long-term mean climatology, but also reproduce a lot of features of the interannual variability of climate, e.g. the ENSO-like events in the tropical Pacific Ocean and the dipole mode pattern in the tropical Indian Ocean. Comparing FGCM-0 with the NCAR CSM-1, some common features are found, e.g. the overestimation of sea ice in the North Pacific and the simulated double ITCZ etc.The further analyses suggest that they may be attributed to errors in the atmospheric model. 相似文献
177.
178.
详细分析了4台CG-5型重力仪的静、动态漂移特性,结果发现,单次的静态测试结果中,CG-5型重力仪静态漂移呈很好的线性上升趋势,但划分不同时间尺度,每个时间段的仪器漂移率仍存在一定差异。同时,静态漂移率也存在长期变化的特征,不同测期CG-5型重力仪的漂移率差异较大:刚出厂时,CG-5型重力仪的漂移率变化幅度较大;随着时间变化,幅度逐渐减小,最终在一定区间内震荡。4台仪器的动态漂移率与仪器空间变化关系不密切,但仪器间的漂移特性在静态漂移率的长期变化、上下山的动态实验和单个测期各测线的动态漂移率变化中都表现出较为一致的变化趋势。基于以上认识,采用分时段平差的方法对观测数据进行分段漂移改正,改正后各台仪器和总体的联测精度指标均有所提高。 相似文献
179.
《The Professional geographer》1985,37(1):104-132
Books Reviewed in this article: Lob Trees in the Wilderness . Clifford and Isabel Ahlgren . Satellite Microwave Remote Sensing . T. D. Allan , ed. Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth Since World War II . Richard M. Bernard and Bradley R. Rice , eds. Legacy of Minneapolis: Preservation Amid Change . John R. Borchert , David Gebhard , David Lanegran , and Judith A. Martin . Bloomington, MN: Preparing a Historic Preservation Ordinance. Richard J. Roddewig . The Mountains of Northeastern Tasmania, A Study of Alpine Geomorphology . Nel Caine . Introductory Cartography . John Campbell . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Changing Climate . Manual of Remote Sensing, Second Edition . 2 Vols. Robert N. Colwell , ed.-in-chief; David S. Simonett and John E. Estes , vol. eds. Remote Sensing in Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology . A. P. Cracknell , ed. Multidimensional Scaling . Mark L. Davison . Environmental Karst . Percy H. Dougherty , ed. The Urban Environment . Ian Douglas . Geomorphology of Europe . Clifford Embleton , ed. An Introduction to South Asia . B. H. Farmer . Great Geological Controversies . A. Hallam . Hazardous Waste Management: In Whose Backyard? Michalann Harthill , ed. Energy for Subsistence . Margaret Haswell . Perspective on Ratzel's Political Geography . James M. Hunter . Economic Deposits and their Tectonic Setting . Charles S. Hutchison . Energy Risk Assessment . Herbert Inhaber . Discovering the Vernacular Landscape . John Brinckerhoff Jackson . Climate and Energy Systems: A Review of Their Interactions . Jill Jäger . Dilemmas in Regional Policy . Antoni Kuklinski and J. G. Lambooy , eds. California Farmland: A History of Large Agricultural Landholdings . Ellen Liebman . The Spatial Organization of New Land Settlement in Latin America . Jacob O. Maos . Dark Continent: Africa as Seen by Americans . Michael McCarthy . Westport, CT: Climatology: An Introduction . John E. Oliver and John J. Hidore . Columbus, OH: The Geography of Warfare . Patrick O'Sullivan and Jesse W. Miller . The Expanding City. Essays in Honour of Professor Jean Gottmann . John Patten , ed. Scotland's Environment During the Last 30,000 Years . Robert J. Price . Integrated Urban Models . S. H. Putman . Development and the Environmental Crisis: Red or Green Alternatives? Michael Redclift . 相似文献
180.
本文将不确定性平差模型与参数的有界不确定性相结合,建立有界不确定性平差模型,并从等式约束出发,利用无限权和零权的思想,将不确定性平差算法与不等式约束中的罚函数相结合,提出有界不确定性平差迭代算法,并通过算例验证其可行性和有效性。 相似文献