Sediment budget of the Napo River,Amazon basin,Ecuador and Peru

The upstream‐downstream sediment budget along the Napo River (100 520 km², 6300 m³ s^?1) was studied in the Andean foothills of Ecuador, at the west of the Amazon basin. A comparative study was made during four hydrological cycles (2001–2005) for three hydrological stations located upstream, and during one hydrological cycle (2004–2005) for the fourth one located near the mouth of the Napo River (region of Iquitos in Peru). This analysis showed an unusual increase in the concentration of suspended sediment recorded for the western part of the Amazon plain. Like the runoff (81 l s^?1 km²), which is a world's maximum, the erosion rate (1160 t km^?2 year^?1, i.e. 47% of total suspended solid (TSS) export at the exit of Ecuador), one of the highest for a floodplain basin is the result of a stepper slope than in the rest of the Andean foothills, where typically sedimentation phenomena are predominant, and can be explained in part by a greater tectonic activity. Similar phenomenes were evidenced in small mountainous rivers in New Guinea (Milliman and Syvitski, 1992; Milliman, 1995). On the headwaters of the Napo River drainage basin, the tectonic uplift causes the Pastaza Megafan's existence. This progressively diverts the course of Napo River towards north and also provokes the remobilization of fine fluvial deposits. Moreover, this geodynamic trend is completed by the impact of volcanic eruption, earthquakes and landslides. The combination of these phenomena, so common in the region, has provided a large sediment transfer, not only at present but also in the past, as can be confirmed by the presence of incised terraces, mainly formed by volcanic materials. Then, these results were compared with a similar study carried out further south in the Madeira basin at the Bolivian foothills. These studies show the spatio‐temporal variability of the relation between sediment transfer and geodynamic processes at the Andean Piedmont. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study of extreme shear stress for shallow flow under simulated rainfall

The raindrop impact and overland flow are two major factors causing soil detachment and particle transportation. In this study, the turbulent characteristics of the shallow rain‐impacted water flow were investigated using a 2‐D fibre‐optic laser Doppler velocimetry (FLDV) and an artificial rainfall simulator. The fluctuating turbulent shear stress was computed using digital data processing techniques. The experimental data showed that the Reynolds shear stress follows a probability distribution with heavy tails. The tail probability increases with an increase of rainfall intensity or raindrop diameter, and it decreases with an increase of Reynolds number. A modified empirical equation was derived using both the raindrop diameter and rainfall intensity as independent variables to provide a better prediction of the Darcy‐Weisbach friction coefficient f under rainfall conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光谱对许氏平鲉消化代谢节律及生理应激研究

为探究不同光谱下许氏平鲉的消化代谢水平及外周激素节律,在5种光谱(红光、绿光、黄光、蓝光、白光,光周期12L∶12D)下,通过对许氏平鲉的血清、肠道、肝脏进行24 h (8:00,12:00,16:00,20:00,24:00)取样,结果显示:不同的光谱下许氏平鲉的消化代谢酶活性除胰蛋白酶(TRY)外均具有节律性,红光、黄光下α-淀粉酶(α-AMS)、脂肪酶(LPS)活性的峰值相位与白光组相比左移;胰蛋白酶活性无时间差异性;在绿光、黄光及红光下乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性的峰值相位与白光组相比发生左移,在五种光谱环境中,红、黄光影响消化酶活性峰值提前出现;丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性在绿、蓝及红光下峰值相位左移;己糖激酶(HK)的活性在绿、蓝、黄光下,其峰值相位与白光组相比发生左移,在五种光谱环境中,绿、蓝光影响代谢酶活性类峰值提前出现。许氏平鲉血清中褪黑素含量呈现昼低夜高分泌水平;皮质醇的含量表现为在白天降低,午夜显著升高至最高值后又持续降低。峰值相位的改变预示着生理节律的变动,以上结果表明不同光谱可以影响鱼类的生理代谢节律,在今后养殖过程中需要充分考虑光谱对养殖生物的生物学作用,进而制定更为合理的光照条件。     

Application of the SHETRAN basin‐scale,landslide sediment yield model to the Llobregat basin,Spanish Pyrenees

The first application of the SHETRAN basin‐scale, landslide erosion and sediment yield model is carried out for a major landsliding event in the upper 505 km² of the Llobregat basin, in the eastern Spanish Pyrenees, in November 1982. The model simulates the spatial distribution of shallow landslides and their sediment yield. Acknowledging uncertainty in the model parameter evaluation, the aim of the application was not to reproduce the observed occurrence of landslides as accurately as possible with one simulation, but to bracket the observed pattern with several simulations representing uncertainty in the key input conditions. Bounds on the landslide simulations were thus determined as a function of uncertainty in the vegetation root cohesion (used in the model factor of safety calculations). The resulting upper bound considerably overestimates the observed pattern (17 000 landslides compared with an observation of around 700), but it reproduces several of the principal clusters in the observed pattern. The lower bound contains around 500 landslides. The sediment yield estimates (2670–14 630 t km^?2) are comparable to measurements elsewhere in the Pyrenees for extreme events. The results demonstrate an ability to simulate the basin‐scale landslide response to a rainfall event and the resulting sediment yield. They also highlight the need for further research in setting the uncertainty bounds and in avoiding large overestimates of landslide occurrence arising in part from a current inability to model small‐scale controls for a basin of the given size. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental research on mechanical characteristics and strength criterion of rock of triaxial unloading tests under different stress pathsEI北大核心CSCD

By carrying out triaxial unloading test under different stress paths on rock, the complete stress-strain curves, deformation characteristics and its strength criterion are studied. The test results show that the relation between lateral strain and confining pressure firstly is linear, and then is nonlinear in the total stage of unloading confining pressure. And its growth rate is about 3 to 5 times the growth rate of the axial strain. It shows obvious lateral dilatancy, and the degree of dilatancy is related to the unloading path. According to the area that is enclosed by confining pressure and volumetric strain curve, it can be seen that the greater the confining pressure is before unloading, the more the energy releases. Deformation modulus decreases gradually with the unloading confining pressure, and increases with the initial confining pressure; the relation between deformation modulus and confining pressure shows negative exponential distribution overall. At the same unloading paths, the reduction of the deformation modulus increases with the increase of initial confining pressure. The Poisson's ratio rises up continually, and the variation law with the confining pressure can be well described by nonlinear. Failure characteristics of rock are mainly shear failure. The strength characteristics of rock can be well characterized by using the Mohr strength criterion of power function. These conclusions provide reliable theoretical reference and guiding significance for the deep mining of the underground metal mine.     

利用双因素实验和单藻培养方法研究温度和盐度对短节硬毛藻(Chaetomorpha brachygona Harvey)生长发育的影响

提要 利用双因素实验和单藻培养等方法,对采自广东南澳岛的短节硬毛藻Chaetomorpha brachygona Harvey进行了研究。在不同温度和盐度条件下,对该硬毛藻的生长、活力以及形态进行了观察与测定。结果表明,温度和盐度对短节硬毛藻的生长均有一定影响,当温度为20℃时,藻体培养第3、6和12天活力分别为0.70—0.75Y、0.60—0.70Y和0.55—0.65Y,培养12天时藻体有生殖细胞形成,此温度有利于藻体维持活力;温度为25—30℃时,培养第3天时会大量形成生殖细胞;在盐度10、20、40和50时,藻体的生长与温度相关,即30℃>25℃>20℃;在盐度20—30时,藻体长度最大达4.55 cm;在盐度10—30时,更有利于藻体生长,整体趋势为20>30>10>40>50。因此,实验条件下,温度25—30℃、盐度10—30更利于短节硬毛藻的生长和形成生殖细胞。本实验表明,短节硬毛藻为暖水、广盐性种,有可能在我国南方海区大量生长并扩散,具有引发绿潮的潜力。     

脊尾白虾蜕皮抑制激素基因全长cDNA的克隆及其对环境胁迫的响应

为研究脊尾白虾蜕皮抑制激素基因(MIH)在环境适应中的作用,本文采用RACE技术从蜕皮间期脊尾白虾眼柄中克隆获得MIH-like基因全长c DNA序列,命名为Ec MIH。该基因全长1218bp,包括360bp的开放阅读框,420bp的5'端非编码区和394bp的3'端非编码区;开放阅读框编码120个氨基酸,包括41个氨基酸组成的信号肽和79个氨基酸组成的成熟肽,预测蛋白分子量为13.71k Da,理论等电点p I为8.02。同源性比较分析发现,脊尾白虾MIH-like基因与日本沼虾和罗氏沼虾同源性最高,分别为87%和86%。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,脊尾白虾MIH-like基因在眼柄中的表达量最高,在卵巢中的表达量最少,而在肝脏、肌肉、鳃和血细胞中不表达。环境胁迫后该基因具有明显的时序性。p H6.5胁迫后24h和48h,眼柄和腹神经节中MIH-like基因的表达量较对照组均显著增加(P0.05);4mg/L氨氮浓度组胁迫后12h和24h,眼柄和腹神经节中MIH-like基因的表达量较对照组均显著增加(P0.05);盐度39胁迫后12h和24h,眼柄和腹神经节中MIH-like基因的表达量较对照组均显著增加(P0.05)。本研究结果表明脊尾白虾mih基因参与了环境胁迫后的机体应激反应。     

水杨酸对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa) 生长及抗逆相关基因的影响

以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为研究对象, 首先克隆了热激蛋白70(HSP70)和磷 酸甘油酸激酶(PGK)基因全长序列, 然后研究了0-20μg/mL 水杨酸对高温胁迫下HSP70 和PGK 基 因表达, 以及蛋白核小球藻生长、可溶性糖和蛋白含量的影响。结果获得了蛋白核小球藻HSP70 基 因的cDNA 序列2405 bp, 包括60 bp 的5'-非编码区(UTR)、1959 bp 的开放阅读框(ORF)和386 bp 的3'-UTR 和PGK 基因的cDNA 序列1664 bp, 包括35 bp 的5'-UTR, 1398 bp ORF 和231 bp 3'-UTR. 序列比较和分析表明该蛋白核小球藻HSP70 序列与其它绿藻的同源性高达83%-91%, PGK 为 70%-75%.荧光定量PCR 结果显示随着水杨酸浓度的增加, HSP70 和PGK 的表达量在12h 和24h 均有所增加, 而在10 μg/mL 水杨酸浓度下表达量最大, 12h 时分别为对照组的2.57 倍和1.56 倍, 24h 则为1.71 倍和1.79 倍。1-20μg/mL 水杨酸可促进该藻的比生长速率、可溶性糖和蛋白含量的升高。 本文结果表明一定浓度水杨酸对高温胁迫蛋白核小球藻有缓解作用, 且5 和10 μg/mL 水杨酸的效果 最显著。