地质勘探套管钻进技术研究

针对复杂地层钻探,基于绳索取心钻进原理,采用不提钻换钻头取心钻进方法,开展地质勘探套管钻进新方法研究,包括套管取心钻具、代替绳索取心钻杆使用的套管,护壁措施、套管钻进工艺等,野外生产试验取得了较好的技术经济效果,并根据存在问题提出了进一步完善的建议。     

φ73 mm×5 mm薄壁摩擦焊绳索取心钻杆的研制

介绍了国内绳索取心钻杆和摩擦焊技术的现状。通过对3种深孔绳索取心钻杆连接结构和生产过程的对比,分析了薄壁摩擦焊绳索取心钻杆用于深孔钻探的优势。介绍了φ73 mm×5 mm薄壁摩擦焊绳索取心钻杆的结构设计和加工过程,提出了焊接过程的主要技术问题和注意事项。通过拉力扭矩试验得出钻杆主要技术参数,能承受的最大拉力580 kN,最大扭矩5500 N·m,建议使用深度2000～3000 m。     

多工艺旋挖钻进施工钻具及在冻土层中的应用

针对我国旋挖钻进施工中存在旋挖钻具与主机不匹配、钻具结构形式与地层不适应等问题,研究开发了BS系列旋挖钻斗和AG系列螺旋钻头两种新型的旋挖施工钻具。通过在青藏铁路冻土层基础桩施工中的应用,钻进平均时效达6～10 m/h,较进口同类型钻具提高2～4倍,解决了我国大口径基础桩冻土层施工的技术难题。     

Recent water quality trends and a comparison to sediment-core records for two riverine lakes of the Upper Mississippi River basin: Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin

Long-term water quality monitoring data from two riverine lakes in the Upper Mississippi River basin, Lakes St. Croix and Pepin, were analyzed to compare the long-term average water quality conditions and land use distributions, water quality trends and loads at lake inlets and outlets, trends from long-term versus short-term monitoring records, and the ability of paleolimnological cores to accurately infer lake water quality conditions. During the 1976–2004 period, the long-term average concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids, and chlorophyll-a were consistently lower at the Lake St. Croix inlet versus the Lake Pepin inlet, which drains a greater proportion of urban and agricultural runoff. Despite these differences, nutrient trends were similar at the inlets to both lakes; reductions in total phosphorus and ammonium concentrations were attributed to improvements in point source technologies, whereas increasing nitrate concentrations were attributed to both point source changes and nonpoint source increases. Despite improvements in several water quality variables, nitrate concentrations are increasing in both lakes, sediment trends indicate persistent nonpoint source inputs to Lake Pepin, and current total phosphorus concentrations remain well above pre-1950s levels in both lakes. Since urban development and agriculture are increasing in the Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin Watersheds, continued point source regulation and additional nonpoint source control efforts will be needed to further improve water quality in these lakes. The 1976–2004 trends for most water quality variables were similar at inlet versus outlet sites on Lake St. Croix. Trends at Lake Pepin inlet versus outlet sites were less similar, but data availability limited the comparison to the 1993–2003 period. While the truncated data record highlighted short-term trends in both lakes, the full data record was most useful for exploring general patterns in water quality. Length of monitoring record affected our ability to detect trends at the inlets to both lakes, and altered the magnitude of detected trends. During the two decades of the 1980s and 1990s, paleolimnological estimates of retained phosphorus loads were similar to those estimated from recent water quality monitoring. These similarities support the use of paleolimnological approaches to infer past water quality conditions in Lakes St. Croix and Pepin. This is one of eight papers dedicated to the “Recent Environmental History of the Upper Mississippi River” published in this special issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology. D. R. Engstrom served as guest editor of the special issue.     

MS-215型大直径绳索取心器及其在煤层气井中的应用

根据煤层气井快速、安全的取心要求,结合现场条件,研制了MS-215大直径绳索取心器。文中介绍了取心器的设计思路、结构特点及现场应用效果。结果表明,该取心器设计合理,机构动作可靠,岩煤心直径大、采取率高、提出速度快,尤其适合煤层气井煤心的采取。      

多极子声波测井资料在辽河油田硬地层中的应用

通过声波全波列测井中斯通利波的反射和差异能量分析,在辽河油田中进行了裂缝识别并评价了其有效性。利用由4个波列旋转得到的交叉能量成分可以描述碳酸盐岩中的有效裂缝。通过分析计算各向异性的最小和最大能量,并通过不同井的实际产量已证实这些计算结果的一致性,从而对有效裂缝进行了描述。用多极子声波测井可以提高地震资料解释的精度,确定岩性与岩石特征,并探测气层与裂缝。编制出适合辽河油田使用的岩石力学性质参数图并应用在生产中。     

石鳖和拟帽贝消化酶解离海藻效果的研究

以藻类为食的石鳖和拟帽贝的消化腺中 含有酶解藻类的消化酶,从这两种海产贝类中提取混合酶能够成为对海藻细胞遗传学研究有 效的工具酶。通过对20种青岛海滨常见藻类酶解效果的比较发现：(1)该酶对各种藻类均有 一定的解离作用,尤其对红藻效果好,对绿藻次之;(2)解离时间相对较短,一般在1h左右 ,解离甘紫菜30min即可有50％的单细胞游离。贝类混合消化酶由于综合多种贝类的食性特 征,具有比单一动物消化酶更广泛的消化作用。     

An inexpensive, optical (infrared) detector to locate the sediment/water interface in lakes with unconsolidated sediments

Unconsolidated, flocculent sediments that are frequently resuspended by wind action are found in many shallow-water lakes. Collecting sediment/water interface cores in such lakes for paleolimnological study may be problematic because it is difficult to determine the depth to the water/sediment interface. Accurately determining this water depth is necessary to guarantee that a piston corer does not penetrate the sediments prior to the drive and to maximize the core length. A simple instrument constructed with inexpensive, readily available components is described. This infrared floc detector (IFD) is used to sense the increased optical density of unconsolidated sediments as the detector is lowered into a lake. The IFD, in effect, yields a precise as well as an accurate measure of water depth. The depth to the water/sediment interface can be measured with an accuracy of approximately 1 cm, provided surface waters are relatively calm.     

深孔绳索取心安全打捞器的研制与应用

设计了一种可适用于深孔和干孔的绳索打捞、投放内管总成工具。介绍了深孔绳索取心安全打捞器的工作原理及结构组成;对工具内部的机械控制和井下脱卡控制原理进行了研究;介绍了打捞器井下脱卡的具体方法;最后通过野外试验证实了该打捞器可以减少处理事故的时间,性能稳定,拆装、维护方便。     

绳索取心深孔偏心楔同径侧钻绕障技术实践

招远市栾家河金矿区 47ZK3孔设计孔深2570 m,于孔深2297 m处发生跑钻事故,处理至孔内事故底部时,处理难度增大。为加快事故处理进度,降低事故损失,采用偏心楔侧钻技术进行同径造斜的方法,绕开事故段。通过对偏心楔设计、偏心楔制作与安装、造斜钻头及分支钻进钻头选择等技术措施进行优化,较好地解决了偏心楔侧钻过程中偏心楔固定及过斜面工序的关键技术问题,顺利地将分支孔延伸至终孔。