Going green or going away: Environmental regulation,economic geography and firms’ strategies in China’s pollution-intensive industries

The high-growth, resource- and pollution-intensive industrialization model that China has pursued has caused severe environmental pollution and deterioration, particularly in a number of clusters in the coastal regions of East and Southeast China, where the Reform and Opening-up policies first started. The lack of uptake of environmental norms/values, deficit of regulatory enforcement of environmental policies, and insufficient institutional capacity have been compounding factors. As environmental standards were raised by China’s central government, the enforcement of environmental regulation has been compromised more in inland China than in coastal regions, due to China’s “decentralized governance structure” and regional disparity in terms of both economic development and environmental pollution. This paper therefore argues that rising environmental regulations, as well as firm characteristics, regional hub effect and political environment, have all been particularly important in forcing China’s pollution-intensive enterprises to restructure their production, through innovation, upgrading, geographical relocation, outsourcing and plant closure, especially in China’s coastal regions. It contributes to recent studies by developing a heuristic analytical framework that aims to be sensitive to the impacts of environmental regulation, political environment and regional hub effect over firm restructuring, but which does so by stressing these impacts are simultaneously inflected by the nature and attributes of firms. The empirical analysis suggests a roughly inverted “U”-shaped relationship between firm relocation tendency and firm size (or firm capability), resulting from complex interactions between political environment, regional hub effect and environmental regulation.     

Earth System Science: Conception and Misconception——To the Third Conference on Earth System Science,Shanghai

Earth system science should not be understood as an all embracing term that combines various disciplines studying the planet Earth. Rather, it is a new approach to consider interaction between its various subsystems, and seeks to integrate various research fields to understand the Earth as a system. Earth system science has developed from global changes studies, then extended into the deep geological past and now is facing a new challenge connecting the surface processes with those in the Earth’s interior.     

基于Budyko假设和分形理论的水沙变化归因识别——以北洛河流域为例

全球气候变化及人类活动深刻影响了区域水文过程,进行水沙变化归因识别对流域生态保护和高质量发展尤为重要。基于Budyko假设和分形理论,采用弹性系数法,对北洛河流域上（丘陵沟壑区）、中（土石山林—高塬沟壑区）、下游（渭北旱塬农区）3种不同地貌和植被类型区1959—2019年的水、沙通量变化进行归因分析。结果表明,北洛河上、中、下游径流量均显著减少,由20世纪60年代的35 mm、32 mm、34 mm,减少到21世纪10年代的19 mm、24 mm、6 mm,60 a减少率分别为0.3 mm a^-1、0.2 mm a^-1、0.4 mm a^-1。上游输沙量极显著减少,中游降低趋势不显著,下游显著减少,由20世纪60年代的99×10⁶ t、8×10⁶ t、3×10⁶ t,减少到21世纪10年代的10×10⁶ t、3×10⁶ t、0.3×10⁶ t,60 a减少率分别为1.5×10⁶ t a^-1、0.04×10⁶ t a^-1、0.1×10⁶ t a^-1。20世纪70年代以来,上游径流变化逐渐受人类活动影响,且影响程度逐渐增强,21世纪10年代人类活动贡献率达66.3%;气候变化是中游径流变化的主控因子,21世纪10年代降雨和潜在蒸散发的贡献率分别为77.0%和20.2%;下游径流减少主要为人类活动影响,21世纪10年代其贡献率为64.3%。对比20世纪60年代流域输沙量变化始终受人类活动主导,21世纪10年代人类活动对上、中、下游输沙量减少的贡献率分别为80.7%、59.2%和92.7%。上游人类活动对输沙量减少的贡献中,退耕还林等沟坡措施和沟道工程措施分别为39.0%、42.7%,中、下游人类活动贡献的估算结果反映出高植被覆盖区和农区汲水灌溉对区域水、沙的影响特征。     

Rhomboidal versus triangular spherical harmonic truncation: Some verification statistics

Abstract

In the construction of global primitive equation models, based on the spherical harmonic method, two forms of truncation are in general use. Theoretical considerations suggest the triangular truncation method is superior, but the easily coded rhomboidal truncation is more commonly used. A verification experiment employing the Canadian Operational Spectral Model has been performed to determine if the theoretical superiority of the triangular truncation can be realized in practice. It was found that at least in the restricted case of extra‐tropical forecasts of less than 48 h, that the two truncation methods produced forecasts of equivalent accuracy.     

厦门GPS基准站建设与试运行

全面叙述中国地壳运动观测网络中25个基准站之一——福建GPS基准站的设计、选址、建造和仪器安装等建设过程及试运行至今的情况和有关参数。其中对某些防护措施如防雷措施有较详细说明。为今后GPS基准站的建设提供了系统性的经验。     

大地构造和海陆起源的内波假说（Ⅰ）──关于板块学说的若干问题及其思考

随着资料的积累，不断发现与板块假说相矛盾的事实：地震层析没有发现地幔对流的证据，却发现大陆克拉通具有４００ｋｍ深的“壳根”；海洋地质调查发现了一系列否定板块假说的重要证据，尤其是大西洋中多处发现古岩石，使海底扩张模型受到严重挑战；跨越扩张脊的一系列测量结果实际上否定了扩张假说。此外，作为学说重要支柱的地磁资料的可靠性受到怀疑，板块消减过程中洋底沉积层堆积被否定，大陆碰撞模式与陆上地质资料的不符，动力机制不明，板块模式不适于解释复杂的大陆地质而难以登陆等事实，已令板块构造理论陷入了深刻的危机之中。根据煤和蒸发岩的地史分布等资料，说明一个海陆相对固定的大地构造模型更符合实际。通过对大地构造假说发展史的分析和研究，并借鉴天文学中太阳系的发现史，认为新假说的建立必须从确凿的地质现象，而非多解性的资料和推断出发。由此提出大地构造和海陆起源的内波假说。     

纳伪概率可控的四舍五入法及其在RTK模糊度固定中的应用

RTK模糊度固定通常采用序贯四舍五入方法,该方法只固定能可靠固定的部分模糊度,因此控制四舍五入的纳伪概率是实现RTK可靠性的关键。从含多个备选假设的假设检验理论出发,研究纳伪概率可控的四舍五入方法,根据风险水平和实数解的质量自适应地确定四舍五入取整区域,从而有效地控制整数固定的纳伪概率。并结合GNSS应用中两种特殊情况,发展两种简单实用的应用策略。采用基线长94.6 km的CORS站GPS双频数据进行网络RTK模糊度固定试验,分析本文纳伪概率可控的四舍五入方法的效果。结果表明,纳伪概率可控的四舍五入方法的固定率与传统四舍五入方法的固定率相当,且较传统方法更能有效地控制纳伪概率,提高整数解的可靠性。     

Misconceptions about the Hubble recession law

Almost all astronomers now believe that the Hubble recession law was directly inferred from astronomical observations. It turns out that this common belief is completely false. Those models advocating the idea of an expanding universe are ill-founded on observational grounds. This means that the Hubble recession law is really a working hypothesis. One alternative to the Hubble recession law is the tired-light hypothesis originally proposed by Zwicky (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 15:773, 1929). This hypothesis leads to a universe that is an eternal cosmos continually evolving without beginning or end. Such a universe exists in a dynamical state of virial equilibrium. Observational studies of the redshift-magnitude relation for Type Ia supernovae in distant galaxies might provide the best observational test for a tired-light cosmology. The present study shows that the model Hubble diagram for a tired-light cosmology gives good agreement with the supernovae data for redshifts in the range 0<z<2. This observational test of a static cosmology shows that the real universe is not necessarily undergoing expansion nor acceleration. An erratum to this article can be found at     

南京粉细砂空间孔隙结构表征单元体确定

确定统一的表征单元体(REV)尺寸是研究土体细观孔隙结构时首先需要解决的问题。使用6.5μm分辨率同步辐射显微CT扫描南京粉细砂试样,从土样三维重构模型的5个代表性部位提取5组立方体孔隙REV,对每个REV采用最大球算法分析,建立孔隙网络模型,从中提取孔隙率、单位体积孔隙数、孔隙平均体积、孔隙最小体积、孔隙最大半径、孔隙最小半径、孔隙平均半径、孔隙截面积平均形状因子等8个孔隙结构参数,建立其与REV尺寸间的相关性。利用假设检验T检验和F检验,最终确定样品孔隙结构参数的统一REV边长尺寸为400像素,即2.60mm。该方法可用于砂土、粉土等颗粒土体细观孔隙结构分析。