北京市杨镇一中人工湿地设计及污水处理效果

针对北京市农村地区居民居住相对分散、生活污水集中处理难度大的状况,在北京市杨镇一中,建立了经济且简便易行的用于处理污水的人工湿地。该人工湿地由地埋式一体化预处理、多级复合式人工湿地系统、景观湿地系统三部分组成。通过单元实验,对人工湿地的填料结构、植物选择、布水设计、水位调节、湿地防堵系统设计、预处理系统设计进行了创新,研究了1d、2d和3d水力停留时间对污水中有机物处理效应的影响,并开展了人工湿地基质堵塞实验、冬季保温措施研究以及人工湿地脱氮除磷效果研究。结果表明,比较而言,1d和3d的水力停留时间不利于有机物的去除,2d的水力停留时间有利于有机物的去除;人工湿地0～10m的水平距离内,0～5cm、30～35cm、60～65cm深度的基质的堵塞差异显著(n=10,p<0.05),从水平上看,在0m、2m、4m处基质的堵塞最为明显,因此,在更换人工湿地基质时,只需更换0～4m内的基质;棚膜+蒲席覆盖系统去除污水中总氮的效果要优于结冰盖系统,更适宜于北方使用;预处理系统、人工湿地系统、景观湿地系统三部分共同处理污水,优势互补,能使处理后的出水符合北京市水污染排放标准一级B限值。     

差分干涉测量黄河三角洲天然湿地水位变化研究

利用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术监测湿地水位变化,对湿地保护、恢复和重建具有非常重要的意义.利用C波段VV极化和L波段HH极化合成孔径雷达影像,结合同步野外测量和调查工作,在各季节不同时间间隔下,研究不同湿地类型的后向散射特性差异和干涉相干性差异;在对影响干涉相干性的因素进行评价的基础上,建立差分干涉测量湿地水位变化监测的函数模型,利用获取的合成孔径雷达影像,分析黄河三角洲的天然湿地水位变化.研究结果表明,利用差分干涉测量技术不仅可以获取湿地水位变化,而且还能提供水位变化的空间细节,这是本技术最突出的特色.     

内蒙古河套灌区湿地芦苇根际可培养细菌多样性

以内蒙古河套灌区湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)根际土壤为材料,采用分离培养法对天然湿地和退化湿地的芦苇根际细菌多样性进行了研究。16SrRNA基因系统发育分析的结果显示,分离自天然湿地芦苇根际的45株细菌分属于γ-变形菌纲(44.44%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(42.22%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(13.33%)3大类群,其中,γ-变形菌纲为最优势类群,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)(42.2%)为最优势菌属;分离自退化湿地芦苇根际的44株细菌分属γ-变形菌纲(13.63%)、β-变形菌纲(6.82%)、厚壁菌门(47.73%)及放线菌门(Actino-bacteria)(31.82%)4大类群,其中厚壁菌门为最优势类群,芽孢杆菌属(40.9%)为最优势菌属。研究结果表明,天然湿地和退化湿地芦苇根际细菌都具有较丰富的多样性,但天然湿地与退化湿地芦苇根际细菌群落结构存在一定差异。     

国外湿地生态系统碳循环研究进展

在全球变化背景下,面对湿地生态系统是否能维持其碳汇功能等问题,在以下几方面进行了讨论:当前湿地生态系统碳源与碳汇评估中存在的问题;湿地碳源与碳汇功能时空格局变异最新研究进展;影响湿地甲烷排放的因素;湿地碳循环过程对全球变暖的响应模式;湿地生态系统碳循环模拟。认为当前对湿地生态系统碳循环认识的局限性,是导致碳循环成为全球变暖互馈机制中不确定性的主要原因之一。针对中国当前湿地生态系统碳循环研究的特点,提出了中国未来湿地生态系统碳循环研究的焦点问题,即如何在气候变化及人类活动双重影响下,维持中国湿地生态系统现有碳储存库的功能,以及如何提高已退化湿地的固碳功能及潜力。     

湿地脆弱性评价研究进展

湿地脆弱性评价是近年来湿地科学及可持续性科学领域的热点和前沿.湿地脆弱性评价研究经历了从湿地脆弱性特征定性评价,到湿地脆弱性定量评价,再到气候变化下湿地脆弱性评价的发展历程.首先,在对湿地脆弱性概念归纳总结的基础上,提出湿地脆弱性是在自然环境和人为压力下湿地退化的程度和可能性.其次,定性介绍了水土流失、水热分配不均、湿地退化等主要脆弱性特征表现;并以脆弱性评价的基本步骤为主线论述了模型法、特征法、综合指数法、EFI评价法、空间分析法等主要研究方法;同时,从不同角度概述了气候变化背景下的湿地脆弱性,总结了湿地水文景观分类法、生物完整性指标法、模型法、空间分析等评价方法.最后,指出湿地脆弱性研究中存在的概念不统一、评价标准不一致、评价指标范围较狭窄、动态研究偏少、定量评价的不确定性等主要问题,提出了完善评价体系、加强动态研究和国内对气候变化下湿地脆弱性的定量研究以及不确定性分析、脆弱性评价与决策管理衔接等湿地脆弱性未来研究的重点.     

北京市级湿地公园建设评估标准案例研究

以翠湖国家城市湿地公园为案例,对北京市级湿地公园评估标准进行了验证研究,结果表明:北京市级湿地公园评估标准简单易用、计算简便、可操作性强,能够科学准确并定量化地反映北京市级湿地公园的湿地特征,以及在建设、管理、维护和运营等方面的现状,可以用来指导北京市湿地公园科学有序地建设。     

Sedimentary facies and geomorphic evolution of a blocked‐valley lake: Lake Futululu,northern Kwazulu‐Natal,South Africa

Blocked‐valley lakes are formed when tributaries are impounded by the relatively rapid aggradation of a large river and its floodplain. These features are common in the landscape, and have been identified in the floodplains of the Solimões‐Amazon (Brazil) and Fly‐Strickland Rivers (Papua New Guinea), for example, but their inaccessibility has resulted in studies being limited to remotely sensed image analysis. This paper documents the sedimentology and geomorphic evolution of a blocked‐valley lake, Lake Futululu on the Mfolozi River floodplain margin, in South Africa, while also offering a context for the formation of lakes and wetlands at tributary junctions. The study combines aerial photography, elevation data from orthophotographs and field survey, and longitudinal sedimentology determined from a series of cores, which were sub‐sampled for organic content and particle size analysis. Radiocarbon dating was used to gauge the rate and timing of peat accumulation. Results indicate that following the last glacial maximum, rising sea‐levels caused aggradation of the Mfolozi River floodplain. By 3980 years bp , aggradation on the floodplain had impounded the Futululu drainage line, creating conditions suitable for peat formation, which has since occurred at a constant average rate of 0·13 cm year^?1. Continued aggradation on the Mfolozi River floodplain has raised the base level of the Futululu drainage line, resulting in a series of back‐stepping sedimentary facies with fluvially derived sand and silt episodically prograding over lacustrine peat deposits. Blocked‐valley lakes form where the trunk river has a much larger sediment load and catchment than the tributary stream. Similarly, when the relative difference in sediment loads is less, palustrine wetlands, rather than lakes, may be the result. In contrast, where tributaries drain a steep, well‐connected catchment, they may impound much larger trunk rivers, creating lakes or wetlands upstream.     

Sentinel-2密集时间序列数据和Google Earth Engine的潮间带湿地快速自动分类

潮间带湿地是滨海湿地的重要组成部分,具有维持生物多样性、促进碳汇等重要生态功能.及时、准确地掌握潮间带湿地现状是实现潮间带湿地可持续管理目标的基础.先前的潮间带湿地分类研究依赖于训练样本、人工设定阈值或后处理等,本研究基于GEE (Google Earth Engine)平台开发一种自动、快速、高精度的潮间带湿地分类方...     

新乡市整理、复垦与开发的土地资源研究

分析了新乡市整理、复垦与开发各类利用不充分和未利用土地的类型、区域分布规划，指出了这些土地利用类型的特点、利用方向和应采取的措施，从而充分利用这些不同类型的土地资源，提高土地利用集约化程度，并为编制新乡市土地整理、复垦与开发规划以及土地利用总体规划提供科学依据。     

Effect of spatial pattern on nutrient reduction in the Liaohe Delta

The effect of spatial pattern on the nutrient reduction is investigated based on the spatial simulation model developed for the study area of the Liaohe Delta, China. Four scenarios are designed to test the effect of different landscape components on the nutrient reduction in the reed marsh: Canal density, reed area size, reed area shrinking pattern, and pumping station position. Based on a spatial model designed for the study area, the nutrient reduction in each case of these scenarios is simulated. The results indicate that each factor brings less than 10% change in the total nutrient reduction rate. More canals will not help much to improve nutrient reduction. Smaller areas are more efficient than larger ones. The shrinkage pattern is better than others in keeping a higher nutrient reduction rate. It is also more efficient to keep the pumping station near the border of the area to be irrigated. These conclusions provide theoretical supports to strategy makers for local land use planning, and contribute to the understanding of the relationship between landscape patterns and functions.