中尺度斜交不稳定的波动性质及其数值模拟

使用三维中小尺度扰动动力学方程组,讨论了一类与基本气流方向成任意夹角的纬向线状扰动的斜交不稳定问题,其主要分析结论如下:(1)在基本气流的切变为线性切变的情况下,可以发生斜交不稳定。但是发生斜交不稳定必须要求沿着线状扰动方向的基本气流存在切变或者垂直于线状扰动方向的基本气流存在切变。此时,斜交不稳定的波动性质是重力惯性内波,而不存在涡旋Rossby波。(2)对于基本气流具有非线性二阶切变的情形,此时斜交型不稳定中的扰动除了包含重力惯性内波之外,还包含了涡旋Rossby波。对于本文所讨论的纬向线状扰动来说,涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的经向风速V二次切变(β*=Vzz≠0),该涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流V0是单向传播的。在中尺度斜交不稳定中,涡旋Rossby波的产生主要是由于在与线状扰动相垂直的方向上存在基本气流的二阶切变,而与线状扰动相平行的方向上基本气流是否存在二阶切变无关。(3)对于通常讨论的纬向线状扰动的情况,在基本流场的南北风速V存在二次切变(β*=Vzz≠0)时,即与线状扰动相垂直的方向上存在基本气流的二阶切变,则斜交不稳定有可能是混合的涡旋Rossby—重力惯性内波的不稳定。最后采用WRF模式,对2006年6月的一次福建闽江暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,部分验证了上述结论。通过分析6月6日13时降水区域平均的东西方向风速U随高度变化的曲线,发现在950—100 hPa的大气中,纬向风速U随高度的变化具有二次切变,在对流层低层以及高层附近纬向风速较小,而在对流层中层400 hPa附近的纬向风速则较大。在这种情况下,平均纬向风速随高度变化的二阶导数不为零,因此激发产生沿着纬向传播的涡旋Rossby波,这对于暴雨区域中β中尺度雨团的移动起到比较重要的作用。再分析6月5日23时和6月6日13时的850 hPa以及500hPa降水区域平均纬向风随南北方向的变化,发现在6月5日23时和6月6日13时的850 hPa层次上,都显示出平均纬向风速在南北方向具有二次切变;而在这两个时次的500 hPa层次上,平均纬向风速在南北方向不具有二次切变,只具有线性切变。说明在垂直方向上,对流层低层涡旋Rossby波容易被激发产生;而在对流层中层以上,由于不具备产生涡旋Rossby波的条件,因此不容易激发产生涡旋Rossby波,波动只是具有重力惯性内波的特征。     

"04.12"华北大到暴雪过程切变线的动力诊断

利用地面实测资料和MM5模式输出产品,对2004年12月20~22日发生在华北地区的大到暴雪天气过程的切变线进行了动力诊断分析,结果表明:此次暴雪过程与中尺度切变线的发展东移直接关联。涡度诊断表明:正涡度区的演变与切变线的发展、东移和北抬密切相关,正涡度区内“正涡度核”对预报强降雪的出现有先兆指示意义。涡度、散度垂直剖面图显示,涡度、散度场的空间配置极有利于暴雪切变线发展及暴雪形成与维持。湿相对位涡和涡度变率诊断揭示,涡度变率强度与中低空的条件对称不稳定密切相关;暴雪区上空从低层到高层存在的湿位涡负值中心是造成中低层涡度变率增大及暴雪增幅的重要原因之一;而涡度变率较涡度更能准确反映切变线发生发展的物理机制。     

Quartz Rheology and Short-time-scale Crustal Instabilities

We present numerical results of thermal-mechanical feedback in crustal quartz rheology and contrast this behavior to the vastly different character of an olivine mantle. In the numerical experiments quartz is found to have a very strong tendency for short-time-scale instabilities, while our numerical experiments show that olivine has a decisive tendency for a stable thermally lubricated slip. At the same time, olivine can also go through a transitional period of creep bursts, which are physically caused by multiple interacting ductile faults at various length and time scales which collocate quickly into a major shear zone. Since olivine has this strong propensity to self organize in a large apparently stable fault system, it lacks the dynamics of interacting ductile faults evident in other minerals. Quartz behaves totally different and keeps its jerky slip behavior for prolonged deformation. An example is shown here in which a 30 × 50 km piece of a wet quarzitic crust is extended for about 2 Ma. The associated total displacement field clearly shows the unstable slipping events, which have a characteristic time frame of one to several years, In contrast, olivine is very stable and has a much longer time scale for thermal instability of 100 kyrs.     

High-resolution peat records for Holocene monsoon history in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Holocene peat sediment has been attached impor-tance to reconstruct the Holocene climatic variations because it can provide much palaeoclimatic informa-tion with high resolution. Analysis on the plant mac-rofossil[1], pollen[2―4], isotope ratio[5―9], element con-tent[10,11], total organic carbon (TOC)[12], humifica-tion[13,14] and grayscale[12] for peat sediment has shown its superiorities as a recorder medium for reconstruct-ing the Holocene climate. Hong et al. have done great fruitful w…     

两层正压流体涡旋中螺旋波的不稳定

利用线性化的两层正压原始方程模型，对有水平和垂直切变基流的圆形涡旋中螺旋波的不稳定作了研究。结果表明，当基流失稳时，涡旋中不稳定扰动的厚度场、速度场在上、下两层都具有明显的螺旋结构，下层的螺旋结构要较上层复杂。基流垂直切变越大则越易失稳。失稳时上、下层扰动的配置接近反位相，故该螺旋波结构相应于斜压模。此时螺旋波上的扰动中心在切向是逆基流传播的，在径向则基本没有传播，而螺旋臂的整体运动缓慢。失稳的螺旋波其散度场要较涡度场明显，物理量的配置也大体符合重力惯性波的情况，故可认为其是重力惯性波的不稳定所致。本模型中该螺旋波的形态与实际热带气旋中的螺旋云(雨)带很相象。     

湿位涡诊断分析在东南亚强降水中的应用

文章应用湿位涡理论 ,分析了发生在东南亚夏季的两个强降水个例 ,讨论了湿位涡与东南亚强降水形成的关系。东南亚夏季具有利于强降水发生的湿位涡场分布特征 ;强降水的发展与湿位涡的变化有很好的对应关系 :当对流层低层MPV1<0、同时MPV2 ≥ 0时 ,易产生强降水 ;当对流层高层MPV1正值区与低层MPV1负值区相互作用 ,即高层下滑的干冷空气与低层上升的高温高湿空气交汇 ,容易贮存和释放湿对流不稳定能量 ,有利于强降水产生。湿位涡理论在东南亚强降水诊断中有很好的应用前景。     

Remote Sensing Observations of Effects of Mountain Blocking on Travelling Gravity-Shear Waves and Associated Clouds

Trapped Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) waves and vortices were monitored as they were generated immediately upwind of a mountain and driven into the barrier by a low-level jet. A stratus cloud visually revealed the embedded, propagating, gravity-shear waves. Interactions of the waves with the mountain were deciphered using remote sensing measurements of the structure, motions, and microphysics within the cloud and conceptual models based on existing theories. The observations show that the mountain acted as a dam to the flow that was primed for, but did not spontaneously induce, the waves. In response to the blocking, the waves spatially developed a pattern of formation, amplification, and breakdown between the upstream flow and the barrier, and altered the associated clouds in the process. Notably, radar signatures of velocity variance depicted organized, intertwined ribbons of relatively large vorticity within the wave layer. These provided measured evidence of the vortex sheet and streamwise vortex tubes predicted by advanced K–Hinstability theory, the three-dimensional version of Scorer's `stripe', the layer of rotational fluid between opposed flows that led to the wave generation. A theory of resonant interaction of wave trains, but with blocking imposed, appears to explain the internal structure of the pile-up of the flow and wave amplification approaching the barrier. Evolution of the supporting atmospheric thermal structure and introduction of a boundary-layer flow reversal follow a current model of blocking, although some features may have developed more directly from wave-driven mixing. The remote sensors also measured the influence of the waves on the cloud liquid water, including a cumulative enlargement of droplets as they were carried through a series of waves.     

Effect of Material Anisotropy on the Onset of Convective Flow in Three-Dimensional Fluid-Saturated Faults

In order to investigate the effect of material anisotropy on convective instability of three-dimensional fluid-saturated faults, an exact analytical solution for the critical Rayleigh number of three-dimensional convective flow has been obtained. Using this critical Rayleigh number, effects of different permeability ratios and thermal conductivity ratios on convective instability of a vertically oriented three-dimensional fault have been examined in detail. It has been recognized that (1) if the fault material is isotropic in the horizontal direction, the horizontal to vertical permeability ratio has a significant effect on the critical Rayleigh number of the three-dimensional fault system, but the horizontal to vertical thermal conductivity ratio has little influence on the convective instability of the system, and (2) if the fault material is isotropic in the fault plane, the thermal conductivity ratio of the fault normal to plane has a considerable effect on the critical Rayleigh number of the three-dimensional fault system, but the effect of the permeability ratio of the fault normal to plane on the critical Rayleigh number of three-dimensional convective flow is negligible.     

Holocene climate and landscape evolution East of the Pechora Delta, East-European Russian Arctic

This study presents a multiproxy record of Holocene environmental change in the region East of the Pechora Delta. A peat plateau profile (Ortino II) is analyzed for plant macrofossils, sediment type, loss on ignition, and radiocarbon dating. A paleosol profile (Ortino III) is described and radiocarbon dated. A previously published peat plateau profile (Ortino I) was analyzed for pollen and conifer stomata, loss on ignition, and radiocarbon dating. The interpretation of the latter site is reassessed in view of new evidence. Spruce immigrated to the study area at about 8900 ¹⁴C yr B.P. Peatland development started at approximately the same time. During the Early Holocene Hypsithermal taiga forests occupied most of the present East-European tundra and peatlands were permafrost free. Cooling started after 5000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., resulting in a retreat of forests and permafrost aggradation. Remaining forests disappeared from the study area around 3000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., coinciding with more permafrost aggradation. The retreat of forests resulted in landscape instability and the redistribution of sand by eolian activity. The displacement of the Arctic forest line and permafrost zones indicates a warming of at least 2–3°C in mean July and annual temperatures during the Early Holocene. At least two cooling periods can be recognized for the second half of the Holocene, starting at about 4800 and 3000 ¹⁴C yr B.P.