与广东持续性干旱事件有关的两类海温异常型

利用1961\_2005年广东省86个常规地面观测站降水资料、 ERSST全球月平均海温资料以及NCEP/NCAR 大气多要素再分析资料, 分析了广东跨季节持续性干旱事件(下称广东干旱)与海温外强迫之间的关系及其物理过程。结果表明, 与广东干旱相关的海温异常有赤道东太平洋海温负异常型（即La Nia型）、 赤道中太平洋海温正异常型两种类型。约在1975年之前, 广东干旱基本上属于La Nia型; 在1975年之后, 除了La Nia型外, 赤道中太平洋海温正异常型干旱出现概率明显增加。可见, 在全球气候变暖的背景下, 广东干旱成因更复杂。近几年来广东干旱频繁发生, 与赤道中太平洋海温正异常型出现概率增加有关。La Nia型、 赤道中太平洋海温正异常型与广东干旱之间都存在物理上的联系, 不同的海温异常型对广东干旱影响的物理过程有所不同, 即使同一种海温异常型对不同季节的影响过程也有所不同, 然而所有物理过程最终都是通过改变和削弱降水所需的动力条件或水汽条件, 从而造成局地干旱的发生。     

热带印度洋-太平洋热力异常联合模对我国夏季降水的影响

基于我国160个台站的降水资料和西太平洋副热带高压指数,利用典型相关分析和合成分析等方法,研究了热带印度洋-太平洋热力异常联合模对我国夏季降水的影响,并探讨了该联合模与西太平洋副热带高压的关系。结果表明,该联合模对我国夏季降水有一年到半年的超前影响,且以冬季联合模对次年夏季降水的影响最显著。当冬季联合模出现正异常时,次年夏季我国四川地区、长江流域、华北南部降水偏多,而华北北部和江南大部分地区降水偏少;反之亦然。进一步分析表明,冬季热带印度洋-太平洋热力异常联合模对我国夏季降水的影响可能是通过夏季西太平洋副热带高压的变动来实现的。     

艾比湖流域气温变化特征分析

利用艾比湖流域近40a来气温资料,分析了气温的变化特征,结果表明:艾比湖流域气温有着明显上升的趋势,尤其以20世纪90年代最为明显.艾比湖流域的气温升高具有明显的季节性差异,表现为冬季变暖明显,而春季变暖的趋势较为缓慢,艾比湖流域年气温的演变特点与新疆的基本一致.艾比湖流域最高和最低气温的变化普遍存在不对称性.     

Relationship between East Asian Monsoon and Dust Weather Frequency over Beijing

The relationship between dust weather frequency (DWF), which denotes the number of days of dust weather events, over Beijing and the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) was studied using DWF data for Beijing during the period 1951--2006. Results show that, during this period, the blowing-dust weather frequency (BDWF), as well as the indices of East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), all decreased considerably, with a t-test confidence level of 99%. The correlation coefficients between the chosen EAWM index and BDWF over Beijing in winter and the following spring were 0.34 and 0.33, respectively, with significance levels of 0.01 and 0.02, respectively. For the chosen EASM index and BDWF, these correlation coefficients were 0.51 and 0.45, respectively, with both at a confidence level exceeding 99.9%. With the linear trends removed, the values (in the same order as above) were 0.14, 0.14, -0.12, and -0.09, all not significant at the 95% confidence level. Clearly, the EAM relates mainly to DWF over long timescales. To a certain extent, the EAM might have some impact on DWF by affecting the associated surface air temperature and precipitation during the corresponding time period in sand-dust source regions at the interannual scale. A stronger (weaker) EAWM might advance (suppress) the occurrence of DWF, and the opposite for the EASM.     

利用MODIS反演四川盆地地表温度与地面 同步气温、地温观测值的相关性试验

通过对MODIS反演的地表温度与四川盆地自动气象站观测的准同步地面空气温度Ta和0 cm地温Ts的相关分析,结果表明：对于非均匀下垫面,卫星反演地表温度TLS分别与Ta和Ts的相关系数稳定性都不好,不同卫星过境时间的相关系数差异很大。但（Ts-TLS）与（Ts-Ta）却有着既显著又稳定的线性相关,不同卫星过境时间的相关系数都达到0.8以上,具有良好的相关性。基于卫星反演地表温度和空气温度的地温统计模型,其标准误差为4.85 ℃。     

一次高压型海雾中的液态含水量演变特征

2008年3月16—17日在粤西电白出现了一次在高压天气系统控制下的海雾过程。利用这次海雾的综合观测数据,分析了这一高压型海雾的液态含水量演变特征,讨论了液态含水量与雾滴平均直径和数密度以及气温、风速、湍流交换等的关系。结果显示:(1)海雾有发展-消散-再发展的准周期性变化特征;(2)海雾过程中的雾滴数有显著的变化,而雾滴平均直径的变化较小;雾滴数变化对海雾的发展、消散起主要作用;(3)在海雾生成和发展阶段,空气的冷却机制起主要作用;而在海雾的维持阶段冷却机制的作用并不明显;(4)在雾的生成阶段,弱湍流交换有利于雾的生成;而在雾的发展和维持阶段,湍流交换减弱,液态水增长,反之液态水减少。湍流交换的强、弱与海雾发展-消散-再发展的周期性变化有密切关系。     

Calculating Auroral Oval Pattern by AE Index

The relationship between the auroral oval pattern, i.e., location, size, shape, and intensity, and the auroral electrojet activity index （AE index） is studied. It is found that the maximal auroral intensity is elliptically distributed, and the lengths of semimajor and semiminor axes are positively correlated to AE. The intensity along the normal of the auroral oval can be satisfyingly described by a Gaussian distribution, and the maximum and the full width at half maximum of the Gaussian distribution ave both positively correlated to AE. Based on these statistical results, a series of experimental formulas as a function of AE are developed to calculate the location, size, shape, and intensity of the auroral oval. These formulas are validated by the auroral images released by SWPC/NOAA.     

南阳市灰霾天气污染特征及其健康效应

利用南阳市1971—2007年地面气象站观测资料以及2004—2005年环境检测站提供的空气污染物监测数据和南阳市中心医院门诊逐日病例资料,统计分析了南阳市灰霾天气及其空气污染特征,并根据灰霾天气对应的门诊病历,分析了灰霾天气对人体健康的影响。结果表明:南阳市灰霾日数的年代际变化非常明显,37年来南阳市霾的发生频率和持续时间都呈持续增加的趋势。秋冬是灰霾的高发季节。灰霾天气出现时空气污染程度加剧,特别是PM10浓度在灰霾出现日明显升高。就诊人群以呼吸系统为主的疾病发生率在灰霾发生当天明显升高,呼吸系统疾病门诊例数与PM10浓度正相关。     

基于ADTD系统的雷电流波头陡度频率分布特征

通过对ADTD闪电定位系统2006 2008年在重庆地区监测的729598次闪电进行统计,重点分析雷电流陡度的频率分布特征。结果表明:雷电流波头陡度及其频率随极性不同而差异较大,正闪陡度明显大于负闪陡度,而同陡度负闪频率却显著大于正闪;雷电流幅值与陡度相关系数为+0.613;采用电力行业标准DL/T620推荐波头时间反推得到的雷电流陡度和采用Ciger推荐公式计算得到的雷电流陡度的概率分布特征与统计特征差异较大。在此基础上分析了ADTD系统获取雷电流陡度资料的局限性,为合理选取雷电流陡度参数提供理论依据。     

Summertime atmospheric teleconnection pattern associated with a warming over the eastern Tibetan Plateau

By using a surface air temperature index (SATI) averaged over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), investigation is conducted on the short-term climate variation associated with the interannual air warming (or cooling) over the TP in each summer month. Evidence suggests that the SATI is associated with a consistent teleconnection pattern extending from the TP to central-western Asia and southeastern Europe. Associated rainfall changes include, for a warming case, a drought in northern India in May and June, and a stronger mei-yu front in June. The latter is due to an intensified upper-level northeasterly in eastern China and a wetter and warmer condition over the eastern TP. In the East Asian regions, the time-space distributions of the correlation patterns between SATI and rainfall are more complex and exhibit large differences from month to month. Some studies have revealed a close relationship between the anomalous heating over the TP and the rainfall anomaly along the Yangtze River valley appearing in the summer on a seasonal mean time-scale, whereas in the present study, this relationship only appears in June and the signal's significance becomes weaker after the long-term trend in the data was excluded. Close correlations between SATI and the convection activity and SST also occur in the western Pacific in July and August: A zonally-elongated warm tone in the SST in the northwestern Pacific seems to be a passive response of the associated circulation related to a warm SATI. The SATI-associated teleconnection pattern provides a scenario consistently linking the broad summer rainfall anomalies in Europe, central-western Asia, India, and East Asia.