Effects of surface flux parameterization on the numerically simulated intensity and structure of Typhoon Morakot (2009)

The effects of surface flux parameterizations on tropical cyclone(TC) intensity and structure are investigated using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF-ARW) modeling system with high-resolution simulations of Typhoon Morakot(2009).Numerical experiments are designed to simulate Typhoon Morakot(2009) with different formulations of surface exchange coefficients for enthalpy(C_K) and momentum(C_D) transfers,including those from recent observational studies based on in situ aircraft data collected in Atlantic hurricanes.The results show that the simulated intensity and structure are sensitive to C_K and C_D,but the simulated track is not.Consistent with previous studies,the simulated storm intensity is found to be more sensitive to the ratio of C_K/C_D than to C_K or C_D alone.The pressure-wind relationship is also found to be influenced by the exchange coefficients,consistent with recent numerical studies.This paper emphasizes the importance of C_D and C_K on TC structure simulations.The results suggest that C_D and C_K have a large impact on surface wind and flux distributions,boundary layer heights,the warm core,and precipitation.Compared to available observations,the experiment with observed C_D and C_K generally simulated better intensity and structure than the other experiments,especially over the ocean.The reasons for the structural differences among the experiments with different C_D and C_K setups are discussed in the context of TC dynamics and thermodynamics.     

空间分析中几种插值方法的比较研究

针对常用的空间插值方法在精度分析方面比较的不足,从地质统计学、数学函数和几何方法方面分别选取普通克里金插值法、三次样条函数法和距离权重倒数法进行插值精度的比较与分析。文章分析了各个方法的优缺点和局限性,选取疏密差异较大的均匀和不均匀离散点数据进行实验,利用三次趋势面模型和MATLAB,ArcGIS,GS+Version...     

地热井固井材料导热性能影响因素

固井材料导热性能是影响地热井取热效果的因素之一。为提升地热井固井材料导热系数,采用正交试验,借助层次分析-指标重复性相关（AHP-CRITIC）混合加权法和极差分析,进行固井材料导热性能研究。结果表明：添加天然鳞片石墨、铁粉和石英砂均可提高固井材料导热系数,其中石墨对导热系数的提升作用最为显著,铁粉次之,石英砂最小;石墨掺量和水固比分别是影响固井材料综合性能的主次要因素;随着石墨掺量递增,其导热系数递增、48 h抗压强度和流动度均递减;得出高导热固井材料的优选配合比为：水固比值0.44,石墨、铁粉和石英砂掺量分别占水泥质量的7.5%、3%、2%,其导热系数可达1.87 W/（m·K）,较常规固井材料提高约70%。研究成果可为地热能高效开发利用提供参考。     

Calculation of reflection and transmission coefficients for qP waves incident on a planar interface between isotropic and triclinic media

In the paper by Chattopadhyay and Rajneesh (2006, “Reflection and refraction of waves at the interface of an isotropic medium over a highly anisotropic medium’, Acta Geophysica, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 239–249), the authors proposed a process to calculate R/T (reflection and transmission) coefficients at the interface between isotropic and triclinic half-spaces, with incident qP waves in triclinic media. Unfortunately, besides several misprints, the authors made a fatal assumption that there is no transmitted SH wave generated in isotropic media, which led the successive analytical derivations and numerical calculations thoroughly wrong. In this paper, the errors are analyzed at length and corrections are given. Then an alternative approach to solve the problem is proposed and numerical results are shown and discussed.     

An efficient and robust approach to predict ship self-propulsion coefficients

Achieving a reliable and accurate numerical prediction of the self-propulsion performance of a ship is still an open problem that poses some relevant issues. Several CFD methods, ranging from boundary element methods (BEM) to higher-fidelity viscous Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) based solvers, can be used to accurately analyze the separate problems, i.e. the open water propeller and the hull calm water resistance. However, when the fully-coupled self-propulsion problem is considered, i.e. the hull advancing at uniform speed propelled by its own propulsion system, several complexities rise up. Typical flow simplifications adopted to speed-up the simulations of the single analysis (hull and propeller separately) lose their validity requiring a more complex solver to tackle the fully-coupled problem. The complexity rises up further when considering a maneuver condition. This aspect increases the computational burden and, consequently, the required time which becomes prohibitive in a preliminary ship design stage.The majority of the simplified methods proposed in literature to include propeller effects, without directly solve the propeller flow, in a high-fidelity viscous solver are not able to provide all the commonly required self-propulsion coefficients. In this work, a new method to enrich the results from a body force based approach is proposed and investigated, with the aim to reduce as much as possible the computational burden without losing any useful result. This procedure is tested for validation on the KCS hull form in self-propulsion and maneuver conditions.     

Ultraviolet absorption cross-sections of chloro and chlorofluoro-methanes at stratospheric temperatures

Absorption cross-sections of nine halomethanes (CCl₄, CHCl₃, CH₂Cl₂, CH₃Cl, CFCl₃, CF₂Cl₂, CF₃Cl, CHFCl₂, and CHF₂Cl), measured between 174 and 250 nm for temperatures ranging from 225 to 295 K, are presented with uncertainties ranging from 2 to 4% and compared with previous determinations made for comparable temperature ranges.The largest temperature effect which takes place near the absorption threshold, decreases the absorption cross-section up to 50% for highly chlorinated methanes, but is negligible for molecules highly stabilized by hydrogen and/or fluorine. Extrapolated values for temperatures of aeronomical interest are presented, as well as parametrical formulas which give absorption cross-section values for given wavelength and temperature ranges.     

基于高斯距离加权格网法研究华北地区地壳形变特征

分析了高斯距离加权格网法计算应变率的原理和特征,研制了相应的计算程序,并用于华北地区现今地壳应变特征研究。基于华北地区1999～2009年的GPS观测结果,研究了确定高斯平滑半径的原则和方法,并给出华北地区地壳形变多个应变率物理量的分布。结果表明,基于150 km高斯平滑半径计算水平速度梯度能够较好地分辨华北地区的应变率空间变化特征,首都圈地区地壳以张渤带上的左旋剪切为主,其中唐山-秦皇岛地区同时存在南北向的拉张变形;山西带整体表现为沿断裂的右旋剪切变形,同时兼具“南挤北张”特性;郯庐断裂带整体形变特征不显著,在南北两端局部区域存在较小的剪切形变;鄂尔多斯块体内部比较稳定,北缘以拉张和左旋剪切变形为主,西缘表现为左旋剪切以及EW向的挤压特征,南缘的秦岭块体南北两侧分别具有左旋剪切和右旋剪切的特性,东西两侧分别表现为正断拉张与逆断挤压特征。     

巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖流沙下垫面近地层湍流强度和陆面过程特征

利用巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖流沙下垫面2013年7、10月和2014年1、4月的湍流通量资料,计算并分析了研究区近地层湍流强度,同时针对风速分量、温度、水汽和CO₂归一化标准差随稳定度的变化关系和总体输送系数等陆面过程特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）风速各分量的湍流强度均随风速的增加逐渐减小,风速处于2 m·s^-1以下时湍流发展最为旺盛。湍流强度主要由水平方向风速分量决定,垂直方向风速的作用较小,且近中性和不稳定层结利于湍流的发展。与其他地区相比,平坦且没有建筑物的沙漠地区,机械湍流较弱,湍流强度相应较小。（2）风速各分量的归一化标准差与稳定度（z/L）均满足1/3次方函数规律,其中垂直方向风速分量的拟合曲线方程较好。（3）动量输送系数C_d具有明显的夏季高、冬季低的变化状态且各月的日变化形态均呈夜间低、日间高的循环形态。热量输送系数C_h的不同月份日变化间并没有明显的排列次序,且日出日落前后具有明显的波动。不稳定层结时,C_d和C_h均随风速的增加逐渐减小;稳定层结时,C_d和C_h均随着风速的增加逐渐上升。     

陆面上总体输送系数研究进展

从陆面上总体输送系数的研究历程、计算方法和时空变化特征以及与地面各要素之间的依赖关系等几个方面,对该领域的研究工作进行了回顾和总结。在此基础上,探讨了该领域研究中存在的几点科学问题：①需要解决非均匀下垫面地表参数的计算和观测以及发展适用于非均匀下垫面的相似性理论等难题;②对我国湿润地区地表总体输送系数的研究需要加强;③能否对非均匀复杂下垫面陆气相互作用过程进行全面的认识,地表参数由“点”到“面”的推广是关键也是难题。最后对利用卫星遥感结合地面观测资料估算非均匀下垫面地表特征参数和能量通量的可行方法进行了讨论与展望。     

利用信噪比削弱GPS多路径效应的研究

由于多路径误差的非时空相关性,使其成为双差模型中较难解除的误差源。本文利用观测值的信噪比对观测值质量进行评价,通过降低受多路径效应影响的观测值的权重,从而达到削减多路径误差的目的。最后通过实验数据解算结果的重复性验证了此方法的有效性和可靠性。