华北东部中生代构造格局转换过程中的深部作用与浅部响应

华北晚中生代构造岩浆岩带作为一个新的构造格局,以其鲜明的ＮＮＥ走向跨在古域不同的构造单元之上。在华北东部清楚地保留了标志早中生代格局转换过程的各种信息。本文所列举的晚三叠世超镁铁－－镁铁质和碱性侵入岩、堆晶岩、麻粒岩就是下地壳底部壳幔相互作用的产物;早－－中侏罗世的辉绿岩岩墙群、玄武岩粗岩系列的火山岩是中、上部地壳岩浆的表现,与此同时的受裂陷槽控制的含煤类磨拉石及火山磨拉石建造则是表的响应。由沉积     

Seepage simulation using pipe network flow model in a discrete element system

The pipe network flow model can simulate the seepage process with DEM conveniently because of its simple algorithm. However, whether it can recover the correct seepage process has not been verified. In this paper, the equation to update the fluid pressure is rebuilt according to the flow conservation. Through the steady seepage simulation, this algorithm is verified to be able to recover Darcy’s law, and the equation to calibrate the aperture according to macro permeability is derived. Furthermore, the modified algorithm is used to simulate the unsteady seepage process, and the results show good agreement with the analytical solutions.     

SOME NEW UNDERSTANDINGS OF LAND-SURFACE PROCESSES IN ARID AREA FROM THE HEIFE

The survey for the HEIFE(Atmosphere-Land Surface Processes Experiment at Heihe RiverBasin,Western China)is given in the paper.The following basic subjects for land-surface process-es in arid areas are studied:(1)the general characteristics of the energy budget on ground surfacein arid areas;(2)the parameterization of the land surface processes;(3)the interaction betweenoasis and its desert circumstances,a special phenomenon in arid areas.The analysis shows that thesensible heat flux in the surface energy budget is in the majority,and the latent heat flux may beneglected.The influence of atmospheric stratification stability on the turbulent transfer of energyand substance must be considered in parameterization of land surface processes in arid areas.The“cold island effect”phenomenon in oasis and the“humidity inversion”phenomenon in desert nearoasis are the result of the interaction between them.The results would improve the understandingof land surface processes in arid areas.     

分区统计地图上符号的视觉搜寻和认知工效研究

根据某地区的分区统计数据和有关图集,总结设计出4种方案的分区统计地图,在自行编制的认知测试软件上进行了目标搜寻测试。结果表明,在分区统计地图上搜寻目标时,视觉系统运用了平行加工策略和序列加工策略,4个方案的目标搜寻平均反应时间和正确率受到这两种策略的影响。     

TREC算法在人工影响天气作业指挥系统中的应用

雷达回波外推是解决人工影响天气指挥炮点作业时间选取的有效途径。文章介绍了雷达回波外推的相关性跟踪方法（TREC）,由TREC矢量得到的回波移向移速,以6 min为间隔,线性外推4次回波,根据外推回波是否落在炮点的有效射程范围内,得到回波到达炮点射程范围的时间,为炮点作业时间的选取提供参考。个例分析表明,外推回波落在炮点有效射程范围的外推时间与回波实际落在炮点的有效射程范围内时间点基本吻合。     

2004年我国天气气候特点

2004年，全国平均年降水量较常年偏少，且时空分布不均。春李至初夏，东北西部、内蒙古东部地区出现近50年来最严重的干旱；秋季，华南、长江中下游地区发生大范围的严重干旱。汛期，我国大江大河未发生大的流域性洪涝灾害，但局地性强降雨造成的暴雨洪涝和滑坡、泥石流等灾害比较频繁，四川、重庆、云南、河南、湖北、湖南等省市损失较重。全国年平均气温较常年明显偏高，但阶段性起伏变化较大，冬、春、秋季部分地区遭受低温冻害或雪灾，夏季南方出现持续高温天气。年内，有8个台风(热带风暴)登陆我国，其中台风“云娜”给浙江造成严重损失。雷雨大风、冰雹、雷击等局地强对流天气发生频繁。春季北方沙尘天气较上年同期增多。综合分析，2004年我国气候总体正常，气象灾害偏轻，属于偏好年景。     

关于直播水稻观测方法问题的探讨

根据湖北江夏国家农业气象观测一级站在最近几年水稻观测中实际遇到的情况以及调查发现,直播水稻已形成不推而广的迅猛发展趋势,作为农业气象观测已不可回避地会遇到直播水稻的生育进程观测问题。由于种植方式的改变,大田植株分布形式也发生了根本的变化,仅以传统的移栽水稻制定的现行《农业气象观测规范》已无法处理好直播水稻的观测问题。为此,笔者依据《农业气象观测规范》,结合实际观测经验,分析直播水稻与移栽水稻的差异以及由此引出的新问题,提出了新的观测处理方法,以供同行探讨。     

Remediation and restoration of metal-contaminated sites： Concepts and appfications to mining areas

Metals, including heavy metals and metalloids, are a common group of environmental contaminants. Their sources in the environment are geogenic or anthropogenic. The growing trend in global industrialization ensures that more metals could be dispersed even in pristine ecosystems. To fuel industrialization, more metal ore mines have to be discovered and explored. These explorations often result in landscape disturbance, soil degradation and environmental contamination by unwanted mining constituents. Mine tailings brought up to the ground surface often serve as the main source of contaminants when these pyrite-rich materials oxidize. The oxidation of mine tailings results in proton generation, coupled with the dissolution of metals and other cations Unwanted anionic constituents are also produced. The so-called ＂acid mine drainage＂ may affect the productivity of farmlands and stability of receiving streams and other bodies of water-acidifying the waters and enriching the ecosystem with metals, i.e., high total dissolved solids. The acidified overburden materials become inhospitable to plant and microbial life as they are typically low in organic matter content and infertile. This exposes the landscape to runoff and erosion.     

雷达资料在云南一次强降水过程中的三维变分同化试验

鉴于云南观测信息相对不足、局地强降水突出的现状,利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式及其变分同化系统进行雷达反射率因子和反演风场的三维变分同化试验。通过对2012年9月12日00:00—13日00:00发生在云南的一次强降水过程进行数值模拟和对比分析,结果表明,同时同化雷达反演风场和基本反射率因子,对区域模式同化系统中风矢量、相对湿度、位势高度几个基本分析量都有明显影响。雷达资料的同化,有利于区域模式初始场中强降水区域的上游中低层空气湿度增加、水汽输送增强和强降水发生区域的风场辐合加强,从而改善区域模式对强降水落区、强度的预报质量。对于切变线等天气尺度系统影响下的强降水过程,雷达资料的同化持续时间选取3 h、同化间隔为1 h较适宜。另外,雷达反演风场和基本反射率因子的同化均对降水预报改善有明显贡献,且多种资料的同化效果好于单一资料同化。     

0509号台风暴雨过程分析与暴雨灾害评估

针对2005年8月8～10日辽宁区域性台风暴雨过程,以常规气象资料、自动站资料及卫星云图资料为基础进行分析。结果表明:暴雨是台风、副热带高压与西风槽相互作用的结果,较好的水汽条件是产生台风暴雨的重要条件之一,低空急流是水汽输送的通道,也是台风暴雨的明显特征之一;结合单站气压连续变化以及云系变化判断“麦莎”登陆时间地点;应用基于概率分析的暴雨事件快速评估模型对暴雨灾害进行评估,评估表明暴雨过程为三级暴雨灾害,属中度级别。