人工与自动气象站气温观测结果的差异规律分析

利用西昌国家基本气象站2007年1月1日-2008年12月31日人工和自动站24小时基准观测期间的气温资料。以日、月、季不同时间尺度及不同天气现象情况下的差异规律做统计分析,结果表明：人工与自动站的气温对比差值基本在正常范围内,超出正常范围的只是极个别值。无论是日均气温,还是日最高、日最低气温对比差值均有由大向小的渐降趋势。天气现象对气温的观测有所影响,尤其是出现露和阵雨的情况下二者差值较大,最大达1．5℃。西昌有干季、雨季之分,月平均和季平均的气温对比差值出现了明显的季节变化,在干季气温对比差值较小,平均为-0．39℃,在雨季较大,平均差值为-0．43℃。根据总云量分为晴、阴天,在阴天中又区分了阴天有降水和阴天无降水的情况,发现阴天的气温对比差值略大于晴天,阴天有降水时的气温对比差值略大于无降水时的对比差值,说明降水对气温的观测结果有影响。     

高原低涡结构特征模拟与诊断的初步研究

利用二重嵌套的非静力中尺度数值模式MM5对2005年7月28—29日的一次高原低涡过程进行了数值模拟,并利用模拟结果对此次低涡的结构进行了初步分析。结果表明．-MM5模式对此次低涡过程有较好的模拟能力,模拟出的位势高度场分布和涡度场结构与实况基本吻合。此次高原低涡具有同热带气旋相似的涡眼（空心）结构和暖心结构。在流场上,高原低涡在涡眼区下层表现为辐散下沉运动,上层为辐合上升运动;而在涡心四周下层表现为辐合上升运动,上层为辐散下沉运动;在涡度场上,高原低涡下层为正涡度区,上层为负涡度区。     

城市下垫面特性对辐射雾生消过程影响的数值研究

针对城市下垫面条件进行合理的参数设置,将城市影响引入辐射雾模式,并结合NCEP/ CFSv2(Climate Forecaset System Verison2)资料及常规气象观测资料,对2010年2月8日发生在上海宝山的一次辐射雾过程进行数值研究。结果表明:(1) 受城市地表影响,感热输送成为城市地表加热大气的主要方式;城市下垫面的湍流交换作用较强,近地面湍流交换系数最大可达2.0 m2/s;(2) 城市辐射雾的起雾高度比农村高,雾首先在32 m高度上形成,且雾顶可发展到150 m高度;上部雾形成的主要原因是长波辐射冷却引起的水汽凝结;而8 m以下气层雾形成的主要原因是重力沉降导致的含水量的累积。      

Conditioning temperature‐index model parameters on synoptic weather types for glacier melt simulations

Temperature‐index models are widely favoured as a pragmatic means of simulating glacier melt because of their generally good performance, computational simplicity and limited demands for in situ data. However, their coefficients are normally treated as temporally stationary, unrealistically assuming a constancy of the prevailing weather. We address this simplification by prescribing model coefficients as a function of synoptic weather type, in a procedure that utilizes reanalysis data and preserves the minimal data requirements of temperature‐index models. Using a cross‐validation procedure at Vestari Hagafellsjökull, Iceland, and Storglaciären, Sweden, we demonstrate that applying transient model coefficients, for three temperature‐index models, results in statistically significant increases in the skill with which melt is modelled: Median simulation improvements in the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of 7.3 and 23.6% are achieved when hourly and daily melt totals are evaluated respectively. Our weather‐type modelling approach also yields insight to processes driving parameter variability, revealing dependence that is consistent with a priori considerations of the surface energy balance. We conclude that incorporating weather types into temperature‐index models holds promise for improving their performance, as well as enhancing understanding variability in coefficient values. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽宁省高速公路不良气象条件分析及服务探讨

对2005—2008年辽宁省高速公路交通事故资料进行统计。结果表明：辽宁省高速公路发生交通事故呈逐年上升趋势,其中由天气原因及其所引起的不良路况所造成的交通事故占20.4%,5—8月和11—翌年1月是此类交通事故的两个多发期。在各类天气现象中,因雾引起的交通事故所占比例最高,为41.0%,雨次之为31.3%。在此基础上就如何做好高速公路气象服务提出四点措施：划分灾害性天气服务关键性路段和关键期,制定高速公路安全运营气象灾害防御地方标准,在高速公路沿线布设密度适宜的气象监测站,加强气象对高速公路影响机理的研究。     

Frontal genesis of moisture atmosphere during the early 2008 persistent freezing-rain event in southern China

From January 10 to February 2, 2008, a severe and persistent freezing-rain event occurred in southern and southwestern China. Here we use an observational analysis to compare the persistent freezing-rain event in the early 2008 with the winter precipita- tion in the late 2007 over south of the Yangtze River (Jiangnan). The persistent freezing-rain event was directly linked to the activity of quasi-stationary front. The gradient of equivalent temperature (ET) can well indicate the frontal genesis of moist atmosphere (moisture front) and its activity as well as its relationship with precipitation belt. The precipitation types (snow and freezing rains) are related to the vertical structure of moisture front. The inversion profile of ET vertical distribution is a typical synoptic condition that caused the freezing-rain event. The horizontal gradient of ET with a criterion of 10℃ / 100 km, which reflects the accumulation and release of atmospheric energy, can be applied to predict the precipitation 5-10 days in advance.     

半干旱地区大气颗粒物浓度及粒径谱特征的观测研究

采用兰州大学半干旱气候和环境观测站（SACOL）2007年11月1日至2008年10月31日的APS-3321粒径谱仪的连续观测资料,对该地区大气颗粒物的浓度变化和粒径分布特征进行分析研究。结果表明,该地区颗粒物浓度年变化呈单峰值型,无论是数浓度还是质量浓度峰值均出现在12月,数浓度6月最低,质量浓度9月最低;和其他地区相比,无论数浓度还是质量浓度,均低于污染较严重的城市,但高于内陆清洁地区。数浓度和质量浓度平均日变化均呈单峰值型,都在上午11：00BST左右达到峰值,下午18:00BST左右达到谷值,但质量浓度峰值出现时间随季节而有所差异。颗粒物浓度的年变化和背景风场主导风向的年际变化有一定关系,而局地垂直风速及水平风向的昼夜转换对颗粒物浓度的日变化有较大的影响。数浓度粒径谱分布特征呈单峰值型,主要集中在0.673 μm左右;质量浓度粒径谱分布特征呈双峰值型,第一个峰值出现在0.777 μm左右,第二个峰值出现在5.048 μm左右。降水对大于1 μm的粒子的去除效果非常明显。当沙尘天气发生时,数浓度和质量浓度与背景天气条件下相比增大了22%和127%。     

中国天气发生器的降水模拟

A stochastic model for daily precipitation simulation in China was developed based on the framework of a ‘Richardson-type‘ weather generator that is an important tool in studying impacts of weather/climate on a variety of systems including ecosystem and risk assessment. The purpose of this work is to develop a weather generator for applications in China. The focus is on precipitation simulation since determination of other weather variables such as temperature is dependent on precipitation simulation. A framework of first order Markov Chain with Gamma Distribution for daily precipitation is adopted in this work. Based on this framework, four parameters of precipitation simulation for each month at 672 stations all over China were determined using daily precipitation data from 1961 to 2000. Compared with previous works, our estimation for the parameters was made for more stations and longer observations, which makes the weather generator more applicable and reliable. Spatial distributions of the four parameters are analyzed in a regional climate context. The seasonal variations of these parameters at five stations representing regional differences are discussed.Based on the estimated monthly parameters at 672 stations, daily precipitations for any period can be simulated. A 30-year simulation was made and compared with observations during 1971-2000 in terms of annual and monthly statistics. The results are satisfactory, which demonstrates the usefulness of the weather generator.     

Research Project Entitled "The Dynamics and Physical Processes in The Weather and Climate System" --Part Ⅰ: A Brief Introduction

In the beginning of the 21st century, the Tenth Five-Year Priority Research Projects of the Earth Sciences of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) were initiated. After nearly a two-year long process to prepare, the first version of six Priority Research Projects of Earth Sciences was published in October 2001 by NSFC, viz., Local Response to Global Changes, Life Process and Environment,Dynamics and Physical Processes in the Weather and Climate System, Continental Dynamics, Regional Sustainable Development, Solar-Terrestrial Environment and Space Weather. The process involved more than 200 renowned Chinese scientists and many departments and agencies in China. The six Priority Research Projects guide the research effort of the earth sciences for the NSFC from year 2001 to 2005.This paper provides a brief introduction to the Third Priority Research Project of the Department of Earth Sciences of NSFC-Dynamics and Physical Processes in the Weather and Climate System (DPWOS).     

南宁市一次较高空气污染指数过程气象条件分析

使用空气污染指数资料和气象资料,对南宁市2002年10月6～15日的较高空气污染指数过程的气象条件进行了分析研究,找出了南宁市高空气污染指数与气象条件的一些规律,为南宁市的空气污染指数预报提供参考。