Northern Adriatic phytoplankton response to short Po River discharge pulses during summer stratified conditions

A 275‐km‐long transversel Northern Adriatic profile from the mouth of the Po River (Italian Adriatic coast) to the Kvarner region (Croatian coastal island area) was investigated in three successive case studies in August 2008, 2009 and 2010. The short Po River pulses in August result in the surface advection of riverine water, nutrients and phytoplankton from the western to the eastern side of the Adriatic. This surface spreading exhibits inter‐annual variability depending on the riverine discharge in the preceding period. The Po River discharge pulse in August 2010 in particular resulted in an extraordinary tongue‐like advection of riverine water, nutrients, and phytoplankton towards the Eastern Adriatic coast. The phenomenon was detected using both satellite imagery and classical oceanographic measurements. In the advective water, toxic dinoflagellates were most abundant in August 2010, when the influence of the Po was greatest.     

辽东湾西部海域秋季大型底栖动物的群落结构特征

2009年10月在辽东湾西部海域进行了14个站位的大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖动物99种,其中多毛类44种,软体动物13种,甲壳动物39种,其他类群3种.调查海域内IRI指数排名前十位的种中,多毛类和甲壳动物各占60%和40%,其中前三位的是日本双边帽虫(Amphictene japonica)、二齿半尖额涟虫(Hemileucon bidentatus)和滩拟猛钩虾(Harpiniopsis vadiculus).调查海域内大型底栖动物的总平均丰度为2387.1个/m2,总平均生物量为11.16 g/m2,整个调查海域内大型底栖动物呈现出高丰度低生物量的现状.调查海域内大型底栖动物的香农-威纳多样性指数为0.8881~4.626,平均值为3.556;丰富度指数为1.197~5.474,平均值为3.426;均匀度指数为0.213~0.9248,平均值为0.7714.以40%的相似性尺度,取样站可被划分为5个大型底栖动物站组.通过大型底栖动物多样性分析,本文认为该海域的底栖生态状况良好.     

1998～2010年夏季台湾海峡西部沿岸海水遥感透明度的年际变化

通过比较分析不同的透明度卫星遥感算法,提出将一个基于固有光学特性的、适用于沿岸海域的算法应用于台湾海峡西岸海域,反演获得1998～2010年SeaWiFS遥感透明度时间序列.根据这组时间序列数据,发现该海域夏季透明度低值(<4 m)年份出现在1998、2001和2006年,高值(最高值达到10 m)年份出现在1999、2004和2010年.控制这一年际变动的因素,以目前有限的数据来看,主要是径流与上升流共同引发的水华强度的变化.此外,该海域透明度在研究时段内没有呈现一定的变化趋势,甚至在2006年之后,似乎在持续加深,说明海峡西岸活跃的经济活动,在1998～2010的13 a间,暂时没有对沿岸水质产生显著的破坏性的影响.     

An insight into the performance of benthic classification indices tested in Eastern Mediterranean coastal waters

This work evaluates four indices that have been used for benthic macroinvertebrate ecological quality classification in the Mediterranean Sea. Our study was based on the data obtained from the participation of Greece and Cyprus in the Mediterranean Geographical Intercalibration group. The indices AMBI, M-AMBI, MEDOCC and BENTIX were applied to the available benthic species data, and the succession of the ecological groups along the graded values of each index was plotted. The level of agreement among methods was calculated, and the performance of each method in estimating ecological quality status was evaluated. AMBI, based on the Atlantic model, and its derivative M-AMBI overestimated the statuses, while MEDOCC showed the best level of agreement with BENTIX. BENTIX gives equal weight to tolerant and opportunistic species groups, which correlates them more closely than the other indices and makes BENTIX the most sensitive in detecting ecological disturbances in the Eastern Mediterranean basin, where tolerant and opportunistic groups seem to play an equally important role in the response of benthic communities to stressors.     

Comparison of LiDAR waveform processing methods for very shallow water bathymetry using Raman,near‐infrared and green signals

Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) bathymetry appears to be a useful technology for bed topography mapping of non‐navigable areas, offering high data density and a high acquisition rate. However, few studies have focused on continental waters, in particular, on very shallow waters (<2 m) where it is difficult to extract the surface and bottom positions that are typically mixed in the green LiDAR signal. This paper proposes two new processing methods for depth extraction based on the use of different LiDAR signals [green, near‐infrared (NIR), Raman] of the SHOALS‐1000T sensor. They have been tested on a very shallow coastal area (Golfe du Morbihan, France) as an analogy to very shallow rivers. The first method is based on a combination of mathematical and heuristic methods using the green and the NIR LiDAR signals to cross validate the information delivered by each signal. The second method extracts water depths from the Raman signal using statistical methods such as principal components analysis (PCA) and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. The obtained results are then compared to the reference depths, and the performances of the different methods, as well as their advantages/disadvantages are evaluated. The green/NIR method supplies 42% more points compared to the operator process, with an equivalent mean error (?4·2 cm verusu ?4·5 cm) and a smaller standard deviation (25·3 cm verusu 33·5 cm). The Raman processing method provides very scattered results (standard deviation of 40·3 cm) with the lowest mean error (?3·1 cm) and 40% more points. The minimum detectable depth is also improved by the two presented methods, being around 1 m for the green/NIR approach and 0·5 m for the statistical approach, compared to 1·5 m for the data processed by the operator. Despite its ability to measure other parameters like water temperature, the Raman method needed a large amount of reference data to provide reliable depth measurements, as opposed to the green/NIR method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三江平原土地利用变化对水体中铁环境行为的影响

三江平原湿地农田化对铁的赋存形态、迁移转化特征及输出量产生影响。以湿地沼泽水体和稻田水体为研究对象,利用切向超滤技术分离铁的形态,研究土地利用变化前后铁的形态、迁移转化特征的差异。结果表明：湿地农田化后水体中可溶态总铁质量浓度下降16.9%;由于水体pH值的升高,Fe²⁺质量浓度下降56.3%,非溶解态酸性不稳定铁含量显著升高。沼泽水和稻田水在迁移过程中,铁均以络合态铁和酸性不稳定态铁2种形态迁移。沼泽水在迁移过程中Fe2+和络合态铁含量下降,酸性不稳定态铁含量升高,胶体态铁含量变化不大;稻田水在迁移过程中,络合态铁和酸性不稳定态铁含量下降,Fe²⁺和胶体态铁含量较稳定。2种水体铁形态的转化有较大差异：日间沼泽水中非溶解态的酸性不稳定态铁向可溶态铁转化;稻田水体可溶态铁向酸性不稳定态铁转化。     

Atmospheric,weathering and biological contributions in the chemical signature of stream water: the upper Iskar Reka watershed,Bulgaria

Abstract

The chemical signature of stream water is influenced by several factors: atmospheric input, weathering of bedrock and soils, biological uptake, soil storage, and decomposition of organic matter. The importance of weathering and biological activity, according to season, can be assessed by subtracting atmospheric input. In the upper Iskar Reka watershed, Bulgaria, results show that Na and Ca are mainly exported out of the basin (weathering is dominant), while nitrate and sulphate are consumed/stored. The behaviour of K suggests that biological activity is dominated by vegetation uptake in spring and by bacterial activity in autumn. In summer, the weathering load of Mg is compensated by reactions with clays. The low nutrient input from weathering due to low reserves in the soil may lead to a biomass production closely linked to a rapid internal cycle and also to a relative sensitivity of the ecosystem to any change in vegetation cover and atmospheric input.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Gassama, N. and Violette, S., 2012. Atmospheric, weathering and biological contributions in the chemical signature of stream water: the Upper Iskar Reka watershed, Bulgaria. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (3), 535–546.     

Baseline metals pollution profile of tropical estuaries and coastal waters of the Straits of Malacca

The status report on metal pollution in tropical estuaries and coastal waters is important to understand potential environmental health hazards. Detailed baseline measurements were made on physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, redox potential, electrical conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid), major ions (Na, Ca, Mg, K, HCO₃, Cl, SO₄ and NO₃) and metals concentrations (²⁷Al, ⁷⁵As, ¹³⁸Ba, ⁹Be, ¹¹¹Cd, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶³Cu, ⁵²Cr, ⁵⁷Fe, ⁵⁵Mn, ⁶⁰Ni, ²⁰⁸Pb, ⁸⁰Se, ⁶⁶Zn) at estuaries and coastal waters along the Straits of Malacca. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to reveal potential pollution sources. Seven principal components were extracted with relation to pollution contribution from minerals-related parameters, natural and anthropogenic sources. The output from this study will generate a profound understanding on the metal pollution status and pollution risk of the estuaries and coastal system.     

Hydrochemical characterization of an acid mine drainage-affected reservoir: the Sancho Reservoir,Huelva, southwest Spain

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to discover the relationship between variables in a water reservoir and the hydrochemical variations related to acid mine drainage (AMD), and to describe the horizontal stratification related to vertical salinity and variations in metals present in the region. The information obtained may be used for establishing risk evaluation criteria and to design future remediation strategies, which could be useful for new dams. The hydrochemical characterization was based on a sampling campaign performed in October 2011. A total of 28 samples, at 1-m-deep intervals, were obtained. The hydrogeochemical study of the polluted reservoir shows that the dilution effect is not sufficient to neutralize AMD contributions from mining activity. Sampling carried out from the surface water to the deepest points reveals stratification of the reservoir that allows it to be included in the group of monomictic and holomitic lakes.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor M.D. Fidelibus     

Coastal defence through low crested breakwater structures: jumping out of the frying pan into the fire?

The Adriatic coast of Punta Marina (Ravenna) is protected by 3-km long low crested breakwater structures (LCSs). Through a 3-years long multidisciplinar study, we assessed the impact of such defensive structures on environmental and biological condition. LCSs create pools where conditions are very different from the surrounding nearshore system. Mechanical disturbance by currents and waves varied greatly in intensity and frequency between seaward and landward sides of the structures. Sedimentary budget was positive at the landward side, but it was due to a gain on the seafloor and not on the emerged beach. The budget at seaward was negative. LCSs determine differences in benthic assemblages, alter the seasonal pattern of communities, and modify seasonal fluctuations of animal assemblages. Landward sheltered areas can be seen as “lagoonal island” surrounded by a “sea of marine habitat”. Differences in ecological quality status, obtained through M-AMBI, are due to the sum of these factors.