基于OSTU算法利用新型水体指数进行Landsat数据自适应阈值水体自动提取研究

利用Landsat数据,结合NDWI与MNDWI提取水体信息的特点提出了一种新的水体指数NMWI,并结合OSTU算法自适应地确定最佳分割阈值,完成了对海洋、河流、湖泊和水库4种主要的典型水体信息的自动提取,均取得了较好的效果。     

基于AdaBoost算法的遥感影像水体信息提取

AdaBoost算法利用每个特征构造一个简单分类器,然后将简单分类器进行训练组合成一个强分类器。算法能够充分利用每个分类器的优势并避免其劣势,得到一个最佳判别,达到提高分类精度的目的。本文利用TM影像,将影像各波段灰度、水体指数和谱间关系特征相结合,构成提取水体的强分类器,实现水体提取。实验结果表明,算法能够非常有效地、高精度地提取水体信息。     

基于GIS技术的我国大气可降水量分布研究

利用分布于全国范围内的125个气象探空测站点(每日8:00和20:00)的探空数据,应用数据库编程与GIS技术,对大气可降水量在全国的分布情况进行了分析,得到了2002年全年以及春夏秋冬4个季节(2001年12月和2002年1,2月作为冬季)的平均大气可降水量在全国的分布状况。对数据进行分析可知:在空间上,我国的大气可降水量总体呈东南多,西北及青藏高原地区少的分布状况。同时,由于地形组合状况的特殊性,导致四川盆地、天山北麓等地区的大气可降水量略高于其周围地区;在时间上,夏季的大气可降水量值较高,可达到62mm左右,冬季较少,而春秋季除局部地区外大气可降水量基本持平。     

基于RS和USLE的红壤丘陵区小流域水土流失量估算

采用野外调查采样、室内分析测定、遥感(RS)技术、数学模型等研究方法,以湖南省资兴市东江水库上游光河桥小流域为例,计算出了美国通用土壤流失方程(USLE)中各单项因子值,对该流域水土流失量进行了估算.结果表明:该流域的土壤可蚀性因子(K值)介于0.14～0.42 t·hm2.h.hm-2.MJ-1.mm-1之间,平均为0.27 t·hm2.h.hm-2.MJ-1,mm-1,属于中等可侵蚀性土壤;土壤侵蚀模数在0 ～3 817 t·hm-2·a-1之间,平均侵蚀模数为78 t.hm-2.a-1,处于强度侵蚀等级,流域的土壤侵蚀量达到292 266 t·a-1.     

GRACE重力卫星在陆地水储量变化监测中的应用

介绍了GRACE重力卫星,并对GRACE重力卫星数据在陆地水储量变化中的应用现状进行分析,总结了GRACE重力卫星数据在陆地水储量变化检测中的数据获取、计算方法和精度分析,以及Grace数据在不同区域尺度陆地水储量变化估算中的应用情况,最后,指出GRACE在水储量应用中的不足和未来的研究方向。     

基于WorldView影像实现暗礁识别定位

通过对WorldView遥感影像的纠正、融合、直方图拉伸、采集等处理,获得了海域内暗礁的空间位置及其数字正射影像,并根据相关资料及外业调绘数据,录入暗礁属性信息,建立暗礁的地理信息数据库,实现暗礁的识别定位。     

Construction of ecological environment of oasis in Qingtongxia Irrigation District

Oasis is the core area of social and economic development in the arid western regions, and is also a territory with prominent ecological environmental problems. Because of the unreasonable development and utilization of soil and water resources, the ecological environment of oasis in Qingtongxia Irrigation District is threatened by soil salinization, shrinkage of lakes and wetlands, and deterioration of water environment. As for these environmental problems, the direct cause is the loss of regulation of groundwater depth or serious pollution of water caused by man-made irrational exploitation, and the root cause lies in shortage of water resources and unreasonable allocation of water resources. In this regard, it is believed that the primary task for the construction ecological environment of oasis in Qingtongxia Irrigation District is to adjust the allocation structure of water resources and to ease the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources, for which the direct means is to carry out dynamic control of water and salt based on the ecological landscape structure and land type in the Irrigation District in accordance with local conditions.     

Relationship between the variation of water quality in rivers and the characteristics of watershed at Miyun,Beijing, China

Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Res-ervoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed, The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the fiver water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of ni-trogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitro-gen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape, the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils.     

山东省泰安市城区-旧县岩溶水系统地下水资源潜力评价

山东省泰安市城区-旧县岩溶水系统位于山东省中部的泰山南麓,为单斜构造式岩溶含水系统,由城区和旧县两个水源地组成,地势总体北高南低,面积约112 km2。含水系统内地层以新生界第四系和古生界寒武、奥陶系为主,此外,在南部和北部分布有较大面积的太古界泰山岩群火成岩。本区在构造单元上属鲁西台背斜的一部分,泰莱断陷盆地之西半部。区内断裂构造发育,主要有NE向的泰山断裂、徂徕山断裂及结庄断裂,NW向的洪沟断裂、滂河断裂、岱道庵断裂。含水系统包括第四系松散岩类孔隙含水岩组和寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶含水岩组,地下水动态受降水及人工开采影响明显。截止2012年底,地下水日均开采量为5.2万m3,接近系统允许开采量5.79万m3,处于采补平衡状态。本文在充分利用前人研究资料的基础上,通过对牟汶河修建拦河坝,河水位抬高引起的岩溶水补给条件变化的研究,确定该含水系统尚具有开采潜力,其潜力主要来源于地表水入渗补给。通过研究计算,目前该含水系统还具有约2万m3/d的开采潜力。