塔里木沙漠公路防护林植物沙拐枣气体交换特性对干旱胁迫的响应

利用LI-6400光合作用系统测定了干旱胁迫和正常灌溉两种处理下,塔里木沙漠公路防护林中乔木状沙拐枣（Calligonum arborescens）净光合速率、蒸腾速率以及水分利用效率等气体交换特性的日变化及季节变化动态。分析得出：两种处理下沙拐枣净光合速率在不同生长季的日变化动态均为单峰型;蒸腾速率除8月干旱胁迫处理下表现出微弱的双峰变化外,其余也为单峰型;干旱胁迫显著降低了沙拐枣的光合能力和蒸腾能力,而且随着干旱胁迫时间的持续,净光合速率和蒸腾速率降低的幅度在不断增加。干旱胁迫所引起的土壤含水量的降低和植物体内的水分亏缺并没有提高沙拐枣的水分利用效率,反而使其有着明显的下降。但尽管如此,沙拐枣在持续干旱的情况下依然能够维持生长,它通过适当降低蒸腾减少水分散失和降低光补偿点以提高弱光利用能力等方法来进行必要的光合积累,这说明沙拐枣有着极强的耐旱能力和适应极端环境的本领,而且通过沙拐枣在长期干旱胁迫处理下的顽强表现,也充分说明沙漠公路防护林在人工管理过程中依然存在着进一步节水的可能性。     

极端干旱区多枝柽柳茎水势变化影响因子分析

以新疆塔里木河下游极端干旱环境下天然植物多枝柽柳为研究对象,基于对气象因子、土壤水盐和多枝柽柳茎水势特性的实地监测资料,研究了影响多枝柽柳茎水势变化的主导环境因子,揭示了反映多枝柽柳生长发育期茎干水分变化的环境因子的指示性和指示阈值。结果表明:①在众多环境因子中,土壤水分对多枝柽柳茎水势变化影响最强烈,多枝柽柳对土壤水分的吸收不存在最低土壤含水率阈值,但36%的土壤含水率为影响多枝柽柳茎水势变化的临界上限,超过36%则对其没有明显影响。②土壤pH值的变化可反映极端干旱区多枝柽柳茎水势特性的变化;7.95±0.03的土壤pH值为反映多枝柽柳茎水势发生变化的临界阈值,当土壤pH值大于7.95±0.03时利于多枝柽柳有效分泌盐碱,维持正常生长。该研究为减轻多枝柽柳受旱程度、维持多枝柽柳正常生长及时补充水分提供理论依据。     

1：150万山东省地下水资源评价空间数据库建库工作方法及流程

1：150万山东省地下水资源评价空间数据库，是全国地下水资源评价空间数据库的重要组成部分，是在新一轮山东省地下水资源评价的基础上建立的。本文简要论述了建库的准备、图形数据采集、属性数据采集、数据的集成4个阶段的工作方法流程。该库的建立，实现了山东省地下水资源评价空间信息的集中管理、数据的网络查询、统计分析及全国范围内的信息共享。     

高压水射流破岩规律的数值模拟研究

运用动态非线性有限元法和Hoffman破碎准则,研究了高压水射流破碎岩石的规律,提出了高压射流破碎岩石过程分为射流冲蚀破碎和锤冲破碎及两个临界压力的概念。研究结果表明,提高射流冲击速度、喷射直径、横移速度、射流束数,在35°至40°之间合理选择射流入射角可以提高射流破碎岩石的效率。     

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES OF WATER AND LAND RESOURCES IN THE HEXI REGION,CHINA

ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＩＥＳＯＦＷＡＴＥＲＡＮＤＬＡＮＤＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳＩＮＴＨＥＨＥＸＩＲＥＧＩＯＮ，ＣＨＩＮＡ肖洪浪，高前兆，李福兴ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＩＥＳＯＦＷＡＴＥＲＡＮＤＬＡＮＤＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳＩＮＴＨＥ...     

基于板壳和断裂力学理论的上覆采空区积水危险性判定技术

为避免山西临汾胜利煤矿10号煤层采动过程中受上覆6号煤层采空区透水的威胁,利用板壳理论、断裂力学理论分别建立导水裂隙带高度和底板破裂深度的力学模型,计算10号煤层Ⅰ—Ⅵ区开采过程中导水裂隙带高度分别为46.77 m、48.86 m、56.05 m、56.14 m、56.33 m和55.20 m,6号煤层Ⅰ—Ⅳ区的破裂带影响深度分别为1.57 m、1.14 m、1.85 m和1.26 m。通过构建上覆煤层采空区积水危险性类型的划分准则,对10号煤层采动过程中受到上覆6号煤层采空区积水的危险性进行判定分析,结果表明：6号煤层Ⅰ—Ⅳ区对10号煤层的积水危险性类型均为突水型,会对10号煤开采过程产生安全威胁;6号煤层的不可采区域对10号煤层Ⅴ区和Ⅵ区的影响类型为原岩渗透型,对10号煤层Ⅴ区和Ⅵ区的回采不会构成危险性。     

三角帆蚌对水体悬浮物和叶绿素a消除量的研究

本研究在不同温度条件下分别测定了一龄(△1)和三龄(△3)三角帆蚌对水体中悬浮物和叶绿素a的消除量;研究了三角帆蚌对叶绿素消除效果与水体中藻类生物量之间的关系,并在池塘中挂养1200只三角帆蚌四个月。结果表明:三角帆蚌对水体中悬浮物和叶绿素a的消除率均随水温升高而提高,其中消除效果在总重量相同时△3>△1,较高水温条件下三角帆蚌在悬浮物中优先利用藻类;同一温度下,水体中藻类量增大时,三角帆蚌对叶绿素a的消除量增大而消除率却降低;在池塘挂养测试中与对照池塘比较,四个月后三角帆蚌因大量消除了池塘水中的悬浮物和叶绿素a,使池塘水体透明度提高从26cm提高到了80cm。     

Relocation effects of dredged marine sediments on mercury geochemistry: Venice lagoon,Italy

Understanding the biogeochemical process of Hg is critical in the overall evaluation of the ecological impacts resulting from the reuse of Hg-contaminated dredged sediment. Sediment banks (V1 and V2) were constructed with freshly dredged sediments from a navigational channel in Venice Lagoon, Italy, with the goal of clarifying potential differences in the biogeochemistry of Hg between the reused dredged sediments and those from surrounding sites (SS1 and S2). Toward this purpose, Hg and monomethylmercury (MMHg) concentrations, and Hg methylation rates (MMRs) in the surface 2.5 cm sediments were monitored, along with ammonium, iron, sulfate and sulfide concentrations in the pore waters of banks and surrounding sites from November 2005 to February 2007. Pore water analyses indicate that the bank sediments are characterized by lower levels of sulfate and iron, and by higher levels of ammonium and sulfide compared to the surrounding sediments. With respect to Hg speciation, the fractions of MMHg in total Hg (%MMHg/Hg) and the MMRs were significantly lower in the bank V1 compared to those in the reference site SS1, whereas the %MMHg/Hg and the MMRs were similar between V2 and S2. A negative correlation is found between the logarithm of the particle-water partition coefficient of Hg and the MMR, indicating that the reduced MMRs in V1 are caused by the limited concentrations of dissolved Hg. Organic matter appears to play a key role in the control of MMR via the control of Hg solubility.     

Benchmarking observational uncertainties for hydrology: rainfall,river discharge and water quality

This review and commentary sets out the need for authoritative and concise information on the expected error distributions and magnitudes in observational data. We discuss the necessary components of a benchmark of dominant data uncertainties and the recent developments in hydrology which increase the need for such guidance. We initiate the creation of a catalogue of accessible information on characteristics of data uncertainty for the key hydrological variables of rainfall, river discharge and water quality (suspended solids, phosphorus and nitrogen). This includes demonstration of how uncertainties can be quantified, summarizing current knowledge and the standard quantitative results available. In particular, synthesis of results from multiple studies allows conclusions to be drawn on factors which control the magnitude of data uncertainty and hence improves provision of prior guidance on those uncertainties. Rainfall uncertainties were found to be driven by spatial scale, whereas river discharge uncertainty was dominated by flow condition and gauging method. Water quality variables presented a more complex picture with many component errors. For all variables, it was easy to find examples where relative error magnitudes exceeded 40%. We consider how data uncertainties impact on the interpretation of catchment dynamics, model regionalization and model evaluation. In closing the review, we make recommendations for future research priorities in quantifying data uncertainty and highlight the need for an improved ‘culture of engagement’ with observational uncertainties. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分布式光纤测温技术在黑河中游地表水与地下水转换研究中的应用

本研究首次应用分布式光纤测温技术,监测张掖市临泽县平川段的黑河河床表面温度与河水温度,确定了该时段黑河中游湿地临泽平川段的地表水地下水转换情况。分布式光纤测温系统温度分辨率为0.01℃,采样间距为0.25m,时间间隔为4min。通过对全长550m的河床表面温度与河水温度连续监测,分析该区段温度场动态,发现试验区河段河流受地下水补给,有地下水溢出带。通过河床表面温度与河水温度、环境温度的对比,清楚反映了该河段温度异常带的分布与变化规律,明确了地下水溢出带的位置与地下水溢出强度。