主成分分析和熵值法相结合的水质综合评价模型及其在郑州市金水河的应用

水质评价对决策者决定水的使用功效尤为重要。水质综合评价系统中涉及到大量因子与指标,因子之间相互作用,致使水质的评价工作相对困难。主成分分析法可以消除因子间的相关性,因而被广泛应用于水质评价,但其忽略了数据离散程度的问题。熵值法则考虑了数据的离散特点。为更好地进行水质的综合评价,本文提出把主成分分析法和熵值法结合起来确定指标权重的方法,建立了水质评价模型,并采用该模型对郑州市金水河再生水2009年的水质情况进行评价,将评价结果与单独采用主成分分析或熵值法的结果进行了比较。结果表明了该方法的可行性与实用性,能够为非常规水资源利用提供理论依据和决策参考。     

乌鲁木齐河灌区水资源利用及可持续管理

通过对乌鲁木齐河灌区历年供水和用水状况分析,提出了该灌区水资源可持续利用的对策,并针对城市用水逐年增加与水资源供需矛盾日益突出的形势,从水份分析入手,从水资源可持续管理的角度,提出了水资源高效利用与管理的对策 。     

官厅水库近三十年的水质演变时序特征

基于过去的研究成果,综述了官厅水库近三十年来的水质演变过程,分阶段探讨了官厅水库水污染的来源和特征。与此同时,从污染物的角度探讨了官厅水库典型污染物的时空变化规律。研究结果表明,官厅水库的水质演变先后经历了四个阶段,依次为1972～1975年以有机毒物和重金属污染为特征的水体污染,1981～1992年以有机污染为主体的水体再污染,1992～1995年增加了大肠杆菌污染的水体复合污染,以及1996年至今以氮磷污染为明显特征的水体有机复合污染。从主要污染物的时间变化上看,库区COD和主要重金属含量均在缓慢上升,挥发酚的含量呈现波动趋势,氨氮和总磷的含量持续大幅度上升。污染物在库区的空间分布规律相似,入库处污染物浓度明显高于出库处的污染物浓度。     

兰州市城区河道表层沉积物地球化学元素分布特征

通过对兰州市河道表层沉积物地球化学元素分析发现,兰州市河道表层沉积物41种地球化学元素富集因子多小于1,Cl、S、P、Bi、Cr、Cu、Pb、Sn、U、W、Zn富集因子值均大于2,显示了较高的污染水平。对单个采样点总富集因子的分析研究发现,R值均大于2,显示出较多的富集。其中水磨沟下游和鱼儿沟下游富集因子出现高值,显示出严重污染。元素来源研究结果显示,兰州市河道表层沉积物地球化学元素的来源可分为3类:①生活污水排放以及雨水对地面或街道的冲刷作用;②工业污染,包括冶金、电镀、农药和化肥等污水的排放;③本地土壤类型灰钙土中元素的贡献。通过粒度与元素相关性分析可知,元素P、Cl主要分布于细颗粒物质中,反映了兰州市河道表层沉积物污染物质在细颗粒中有较大量的富集。     

Reconstruction of cropland spatial patterns and its spatiotemporal changes over the 20th century on the Songnen Plain,Northeast China

We initially estimated the cropland area at county level using local historical documents for the Songnen Plain (SNP) in the 1910s and 1930s. We then allocated this cropland area to grid cells with a size of 1 km × 1 km, using a range of cultivation possibilities from high to low; this was based on topography and minimum distances to rivers, settlements, and traffic lines. Cropland areas for the 1950s were obtained from the Land Use Map of Northeast China, and map vectorization was performed with ArcGIS technology. Cropland areas for the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s were retrieved from Landsat images. We found that the cropland areas were 4.92 × 10⁴ km² and 7.60 × 10⁴ km², accounting for 22.8% and 35.2% of the total area of the SNP in the 1910s and 1930s, respectively, which increased to 13.14 × 10⁴ km², accounting for 60.9% in the 2010s. The cropland increased at a rate of 1.18 × 10⁴ km² per decade from the 1910s to 1970s while it was merely 0.285 × 10⁴ km² per decade from the 1970s to 2010s. From the 1910s to 1930s, new cultivation mainly occurred in the central SNP while, from the 1930s to 1970s, it was mainly over the western and northern parts. This spatially explicit reconstruction could be offered as primary data for studying the effects of changes in human-induced land cover based on climate change over the last century.     

基于卫星遥感的鲁西北季节性风沙化土地研究

文章对鲁西北地区季节性风沙化土地的分布、特征及近20年来的演变做了初步的分析，阐述了该地区风沙化土地的成因及其危害，在肯定已有治沙成绩的基础上，就如何合理利用和改造这些土地提出了合理布局农田林网、地一步完善农田水利设施等意见和建议。     

塔里木河下游河岸带地下水埋深对生态输水的响应过程

为了解塔里木河下游生态输水量与地下水埋深多年响应变化过程,得出地下水埋深对生态输水的响应变化规律,以塔里木河下游英苏断面为研究区,运用定性与定量分析方法,综合考虑不同输水差异（包括零输水年即2008年、输水极少年即2009年、输水较多年2011年等）,对2000-2015年英苏断面1 050 m范围内地下水埋深数据进行了分析。结果表明：研究断面内地下水埋深在各年份总体呈现比较平稳的递减趋势,年内个别月具有较大的增幅,另外由于冻土消融等因素影响,地下水埋深在2~3月有一定的增幅;离河较近区域的地下水埋深变化对生态输水的响应具有时间同步性,而离河道较远地区的地下水埋深在响应时间上存在滞后性,本研究断面1 050 m范围内地下水埋深响应时间维持在1 a内;经过多年生态输水过程,英苏监测断面距离河道约750 m范围内地下水平均埋深维持在2~6 m范围内,基本达到植物生长所需地下水埋深水平;另外,综合分析研究断面多年输水引起的地下水位响应过程,为获得生态输水过程所带来的最大生态效益,生态输水不仅要保持一定的输水量,还要保持输水年周期的连续性。     

Runoff quality prediction from small urban catchments using SWMM

The RUNOFF block of EPA's storm water management model (SWMM) was used to simulate the quantity and quality of urban storm water runoff from four relatively small sites (i.e. 5·97–23·56 ha) in South Florida, each with a specific predominant land use (i.e. low density residential, high density residential, highway and commercial). The objectives of the study were to test the applicability of this model in small subtropical urban catchments and provide modellers with a way to select appropriate input parameters to be used in planning studies. A total of 58 storm events, measured by the US Geological Survey (USGS), provided hyetographs, hydrographs and pollutant loadings for biological oxygen demand (BOD₅), total suspended solids (TSS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and lead (Pb), and were used for calibration of the model. Several other catchment characteristics, also measured or estimated by USGS, were used in model input preparation. Application of the model was done using the Green–Ampt equation for infiltration loss computation, a pollutant accumulation equation using a power build-up equation dependent on the number of dry days, and a power wash-off equation dependent on the predicted runoff rate. Calibrated quantity input parameters are presented and compared with suggested values in the literature. The impervious depression storage was generally found to be the most sensitive calibration parameter, followed by the Manning's roughness coefficients of conduit and overland flow, the Green–Ampt infiltration parameters and, finally, the pervious depression storage. Calibrated quality input parameters are presented in the form of regression equations, as a function of rainfall depth and the number of antecedent dry days. A total of 16 independent rainfall events were used for verification of the model, which showed a good comparison with observed data for both hydrographs and pollutant loadings. Average model predictions for the four constituent concentrations from the verification runs also showed good agreement with NURP published values in Florida and US sites. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Aerial photography and image interpretation for Resource Management . DAVID P. PAINE . Analytical Models and Techniques Spatial Processes Models and Applications A. D. CLIFF AND J. K. ORD Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography: A Practical Manual JOHN A. MATTHEWS . Cartography and Maps Map Data Processing . HERBERT FREEMAN AND GOFFREDO G. PIERONI , eds. Computer-assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects, 1982 . MARK S. MONMONIER . Cultural Navajo Architecture: Forms, History, Distributions . STEPHEN C. JETT AND VIRGINIA E . SPENCER . Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography . EDWARD RELPH . Economic The Structure and Control of a State Economy . W. L. L'ESPERANCE . Economic Geography . JAMES O. WHEELER AND PETER O. MULLER . The Myth of the Family Farm: Agribusiness Dominance of U.S. Agriculture . INGOLF VOCELER . Libya: The Experience of Oil . J. A. ALLEN . Geography of Public Finance, Welfare Under Fiscal Federalism and local Government Finance . ROBERT BENNETT . Environmental Management, Resources, and Systems Mountains and Man . LARRY W. PRICE . Environmental Geology . DONALD R. COATES . An Introduction to Environmental Systems . G. H. DURY . The Environment: Chinese and American Views . Edited by LAURENCE J. C. MA AND ALLEN G. NOBLE . Land Use in America . RICHARD H. JACKSON . Medical Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography . MELINDA S. MEADE (ed.). Philosophy and Geographic Thought Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird . GUNNAR OLSSON . PhysicaI Climatology: Selected Applications . J. E. OLIVER . Geomorphological Techniques . ANDREW GOUDIE (ed.). Political Politics, Geography and Behaviour . RICHARD MUIR AND RONAN PADDISON . The State of the World Atlas . MICHAEL KIDRON AND RONALD SECAL . Population The Population of the South . DUDLEY L. POSTON , JR . AND ROBERT H. WELLER , eds. Regional Latin America: Economic Development and Regional Differentiation . ARTHUR MORRIS . Developing the Amazon . EMILIO F. MORAN . Western Europe: A Systematic Human Geography . BRIAN W. ILBERY . Settlement Systems in Sparsely Settled Regions: The United States and Australia . RICHARD E. LONSDALEAND JOHN H. HOLMES , eds. African Perspectives: The Economic Geography of Nine African States . HARM DE BUJ AND ESMOND MARTIN , eds. Rural Nonmetropolitan America in Transition . AMOS H. HAWLEY AND SARA MILLS MAZIE , eds. Social Crime and Environment . R. NORMAN DAVIDSON . The Ghetto: Readings with Interpretations . JOE T. DARDEN , ed. Urban Urban Problems and Planning in the Developed World . MICHAEL PACIONE (ed.) Problems and Planning in Third World Cities . Edited by MICHAEL PACIONE . The City in West Europe . D. BURTENSHAW , M. BATEMAN , AND C. J. ASHWORTH .     

The relation between typical concentrations of chemical constituents in potable water and their injurious limits

 There is an obvious similarity between the values of the typical concentrations of the inorganic and synthetic organic constituents in potable water and their injurious limits to human health. This similarity is attributed to the adaptation of man to his environment, i.e. it has resulted from natural selection. Received: 6 August 1999 · Accepted: 30 November 1999