利用地基遥感方法监测大气中汽态、液态水含量分布特征的分析

文章根据1992～1994年4～6月间利用北京大学研制的新一代双通道共天线地基微波辐射计在河北省石家庄等地的监测资料,分析了晴空、有云无雨两种天气条件下,大气中积分汽态水、液态水含量的分布特征,两种相态大气含水量的相对分布特点。结果表明,在有云无雨的天气条件下,云中液态水积分含量仅占大气中总水量的1%,说明作为人工增雨资源条件的云中液态水含量仅占大气总水量的一小部分。因此,分析认为,以往通常采用大气中水汽含量评估人工增雨资源条件的方法,存在着不确切性。     

中国北方苹果种植需水特征及降水适宜性

以中国北方7个苹果主产省为研究区域,基于研究区域及周边100 m范围内210个气象站1970—2019年逐日气象数据和1 km分辨率的数字高程数据,采用最小湿度法对作物系数（Kc）进行逐日估算,并利用基于样条函数插值理论的专业气象插值软件ANUSPLIN对逐日气象数据进行空间插值,计算苹果各关键生育期需水量和降水适宜度。结合苹果优势主产区地理分布确定降水适宜度阈值范围。利用相关数理统计方法明确苹果需水特征和降水适宜度时空变化特征,并对苹果全生育期降水适宜性进行评价。结果表明：苹果全年平均需水量大多数区域为500.0~800.0 mm,萌芽-幼果期、果实膨大期和着色-成熟期平均需水量占全年平均需水量的比率分别为0.186~0.282,0.392~0.562和0.159~0.282。苹果全年、萌芽-幼果期、果实膨大期和着色-成熟期降水适宜度阈值范围分别为0.49~2.07,0.25~1.70,0.54~2.25和0.46~2.65。各生育阶段降水适宜度处在阈值范围内的区域分别占85.4%,87.4%,85.6%和84.9%。苹果全生育期降水的最适宜、次适宜和不适宜区分别占研究区域的31.9%,50.6%和17.5%。     

红层与煤系复合结构覆岩采动破坏分析及其应用

许多矿区煤层采动影响范围内的覆岩层由红层和煤层共同构成。本文研究了山东省太平煤矿东区二叠系 3号煤层覆岩破坏和防水煤柱留设的问题 ,在对上覆第四系水文地质条件分析的基础上 ,对红层和煤系复合结构覆岩的工程地质特征和破坏状况进行了分析 ,确定了合理的防水煤岩柱高度 ,并经过开采验证 ,避免了水害发生.     

Hydrologic precursors to earthquakes: A review

This review summarizes reports of anomalous flow rates or pressures of groundwater, oil, or gas that have been interpreted as earthquake precursors. Both increases and decreases of pressure and flow rate have been observed, at distances up to several hundred kilometers from the earthquake epicenter, with precursor times ranging from less than one day to more than one year. Although information that might rule out nontectonic causes does not appear in many published accounts of hydrologic anomalies, several recent studies have critically evaluated the possible influences of barometric pressure, rainfall, and groundwater or oil exploitation. Anomalies preceding the 1976 Tangshan, China, and the 1978 Izu-Oshima-Kinkai, Japan, earthquakes are especially well-documented and worthy of further examination.Among hydrologic precursors, pressure head changes in confined subsurface reservoirs are those most amenable to quantitative interpretation in terms of crustal strain. The response of pressure head to earth tides determines coefficients of proportionality between pressure head and crustal strain. The same coefficients of proportionality should govern the fluid pressure response to any crustal strain field in which fluid flow in the reservoir is unimportant. Water level changes in response to independently recorded tectonic events, such as earthquakes and aseismic fault creep, provide evidence that a calibration based on response to earth tides may be applied to crustal strains of tectonic origin.Several models of earthquake generation predict accelerating stable slip on part of the future rupture plane. If precursory slip has moment less than or equal to that of the impending earthquake, then the coseismic volume strain is an upper bound for precursory volume strain. Although crustal strain can be only crudely estimated from most reported pressure head anomalies, the sizes of many anomalies within 150 kilometers of earthquake epicenters appear consistent with this upper bound. In contrast, water level anomalies at greater epicentral distances appear to be larger than this bound by several orders of magnitude.It is clear that water level monitoring can yield information about the earthquake generation process, but progress higes on better documentation of the data.     

东海沉积物间隙水中硅酸盐和硫酸盐“扩散-平流-反应”模式的研究

本文提出了东海沉积物间隙水中溶解硅酸盐和硫酸盐的“扩散-平流-反应”模式。研究结果表明,由于间隙水受到硅酸盐溶解、吸附和沉淀不同体系的控制,因而间隙水中的硅酸盐具有三种不同形式的垂直分布,并从模式中得到了上述反应的反应常数,其中E柱硅溶解的一级动力学反应常数为0.00l 42a~(-1)。首次发现了东海沉积物间隙水中硅酸盐指数下降的垂直分布规律,并从数学模式上进行了处理。本文还研完了由于有机质还原sO_4~(2-)而产生的硫酸盐指数下降垂直分布,提出其模式,结果表明,SO_4~(2-)还原最大速率发生在沉积物-水界面附近,每年可达lmmo1/dm~3。     

利用GRACE卫星Level-1B数据反演陆地水储量变化的方法研究

卫星重力探测技术为监测陆地水储量变化提供了新的技术手段。对利用GRACE卫星Level-1B数据反演地球陆地水储量变化的重力位差法和Mascon方法的数学模型作了详细推导分析,总结两种方法的特点和解算处理步骤。推导过程表明:重力位差法和Mascon方法在反演时只采用卫星飞临研究区域上空时的观测数据,能够提高反演结果的空间分辨率,比传统的球谐系数法更具优势;Mascon方法在解算时还引入了时空约束方程,进一步提高了反演结果的时空分辨率。     

利用SeaWiFS反演海水透明度的模式研究

海水透明度是描述海水光学特性的一个基本参数.根据水下光辐射传输理论及对比度传输理论,建立了海水透明度的半分析定量遥感模式.利用大量实测透明度资料对模式进行了验证,结果表明遥感反演透明度与实测透明度的相关系数为0.84,绝对平均误差为4.17m,相对平均误差为22.6%.最后利用建立的模式和Sea WiFS卫星资料制作了我国海域1999年的月平均透明度遥感产品.     

Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India

Hydrochemistry of groundwater in Chithar Basin, Tamil Nadu, India was used to assess the quality of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^–, HCO₃^–, CO₃^2–, SO₄^2–, NO^–₃, F^–, B^– and SiO₂ were determined. Concentrations of the chemical constituents in groundwater vary spatially and temporarily. Interpretation of analytical data shows that mixed Ca–Mg–Cl, Ca–Cl and Na–Cl are the dominant hydrochemical facies in the study area. Alkali earths (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and strong acids (Cl^–, SO₄^2–) are slightly dominating over alkalis (Na⁺, K⁺) and weak acids (HCO₃^–, CO₃^2–). The abundance of the major ions is as follows: Na⁺ Ca²⁺ Mg²⁺ > K⁺ = Cl^– > HCO₃^–> SO₄^2– > NO₃^– > CO₃^2– . Groundwater in the area is generally hard, fresh to brackish, high to very high saline and low alkaline in nature. High total hardness and TDS in a few places identify the unsuitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation. Such areas require special care to provide adequate drainage and introduce alternative salt tolerance cropping. Fluoride and boron are within the permissible limits for human consumption and crops as per the international standards.     

东非鲁武马盆地始新统超深水重力流砂岩储层特征及成因

鲁武马盆地古近系-新近系发育多套超深水、超大型、富含天然气藏的重力流沉积砂体。以始新统砂体为解剖对象,分析区内重力流砂岩储层特征及成因。结果表明砂体以巨厚层状产出于深海泥岩内部,并与周围泥岩截然接触,测井曲线表现出宏观均一性;岩心揭示此类巨厚砂体是由多期单砂体叠置而成,单砂体是由底部高密度颗粒流和顶部低密度浊流两部分组成,且经历过强底流改造。鲁武马河流三角洲强大物源供给决定了区内砂体分布面积和体积规模;深海滑塌、块体搬运等重力流沉积过程控制了沉积体粒序构造和内部结构;海底区域性强底流持续冲刷并携带走单砂体顶部细粒沉积物,残留了底部“干净”的中粗粒砂岩;多期沉积事件和频繁水道迁移决定了砂体纵、横向叠加展布,并最终形成了区内厚度巨大、岩性宏观均一且连通性极好的超大型深水重力流沉积砂岩储层。     

基于CoLM模型的根分布对陆-气水热交换的影响研究:以玉米农田为例

利用2007—2008年辽宁锦州玉米农田生态系统野外观测站资料,基于CoLM模型对玉米根分布在陆-气水热通量模拟中的影响进行研究,结果表明:模型模拟性能随年际气象条件的差异而不同,与2007年相比,2008年生长季内降水偏多,感热和潜热模拟精度明显提高;决定根分布形态的50%和95%根总量土层深度(d50和d95)两个参数中,d50比d95敏感;根分布对土壤湿度的影响在极端干旱条件下很小,在一定土壤湿度范围内随土壤湿度及土层深度的增大而减小;在水汽通量各分量中,植物蒸腾受根分布影响最大,其次是土壤蒸发,而叶片蒸发不受影响;根分布对潜热和感热模拟的影响随土壤湿度增大而减小。