Ciliate communities in a constructed mangrove wetland for wastewater treatment

In wetlands constructed for treating municipal and industrial wastewater, including mangroves, the effect of wastewater discharged on the substrate has often been neglected. Ciliates, an important group of protozoa, are sensitive to pollutants and any changes in ciliate diversity and community structure reflects the habitat quality. The ciliate communities at six sections along a constructed mangrove belt (33 m in length) planted with Aegicerascorniculatum were investigated in Shenzhen, South China. In all samples collected in both rainy and dry seasons, 183 ciliate species were observed. Most species (56%) were free-swimming forms, while only 10.8% were sessile ciliates. The abundance and species number of ciliates were both found to decrease from the anterior (the wastewater inlet) to the posterior (the outlet) parts of the wetland belt, indicating that organic matter and bacteria in wastewater, which served as food for most ciliates, were gradually removed by the constructed wetland. The r/K (number of r- and K-selected species) ratios at the six sections were relatively small, between 0.2 and 0.4, whereas the C/P (abundance of colpodids and polyhymenophorans) quotient at some sections was higher than 1. These results indicate that although most of the environments along the constructed wetland belt were not stressful for ciliate communities, there were habitats that favored colpodids in high abundances.     

Experimental Study on Formation Conditions of Ammoniojarosite and Its Environmental Significance

Formation conditions of ammoniojarosite in system Fe2（SO4）3-（NH4）2SO4-H2O are investigated in this paper. The results show that ammoniojarosite can be formed rapidly under normal temperature and pressure by controlling suitable pH value and Fe2（SO4）3 and （NH4）2SO4 concentrations. The pH value, temperature and concentration of Fe2（SO4）3 medium are key factors influencing the formation of ammoniojarosite. Under normal temperature, precipitation of ammoniojarosite can be seen within 24 hours at pH values between 2.6-3.1, and a great quantity of ammoniojarosite is formed within 48 hours. At about 90℃, the pH value range forming ammoniojarosite extends to 1.2-3.1, and within this range the rise of pH value is advantageous to the formation of ammoniojarosite and high Fe2（SO4）3 concentration is also advantageous. Relative pure ammoniojarosite is synthesized under high Fe2（SO4）3 concentration （≥0.05 M） and ammoniojarosite containing melanterite and colloid amorphous hydroxide vitriol iron is formed at low Fe2（SO4）3 concentration. The deposition process of ammoniojarosite can be used to harness wastewater from mines and other industries and remove S, Fe and other toxic and harmful elements, such as As, Cr, Hg, Pb in water. Rapid formation of ammoniojarosite and other jarosite analogs under normal temperature and pressure has a good potential prospect for harnessing acid wastewater by means of precipitation of jarosite and its analogs.     

西平公路内社段滑坡稳定性分析与对策研究

论述了西平公路内社段东南侧后山高边坡的地形地貌、滑坡发育特征、地质特征和成因机制分析,采用华宁岩土工程勘察软件统计,判定该滑体的稳定性,再通过传递系数法进行稳定性验算,并针对边坡的主要特征和工程实际情况,对该隐患地段的治理方案进行综合比选,提出了较为科学可行、经济合理的防治措施。     

Stability analysis and treatment of No.2 dump of Nanfen iron mine

On the basis of the study on the engineering geological characteristics of No.2 dump of Nanfen iron mine and the analysis of the failure mode of dump landslide, the stability of the present dump, the stability of the dump 20 years later and the stability of double-bench dump are analyzed. Then, the debris flow risk is evaluated by fuzzy mathematics method. Finally, the comprehensive treatment for the dump is suggested. It is concluded that ① In rainy and snowmelt period, the stability would be decreasing sharply when ground water is not drained out in time; ② Double-bench dumping mode will improve stability of the dump little; ③ Debris flow risk is middle danger. The interim debris flow with medium scale may occur. ④ Monitoring, draining and baffling work ought to be well done. ⑤ In order to prevent the damage of landslide and debris flow, three measures are adopted, including setting rockfall net, setting the debris flow barrier and removing the residents.     

EU shipping in the dawn of managing the ballast water issue

After almost two decades of intensified research, regulatory and political activities focussed on the prevention of harmful organisms and pathogen transfers around the world in 2004 the International Convention on the Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) was adopted to provide a common and globally uniform ballast water management (BWM) approach. Nevertheless, regionally different BWM approaches are developing. By now, many countries around the world seem to be aware of the ballast water issue and its management limitations. In the EU, different approaches have been identified at regional and national scales. The first voluntary BWM requirements at the regional level have been introduced by the HELCOM and OSPAR countries, Adriatic countries have prepared a common approach considering a new legal framework for implementation, and some national level requirements have also been identified. However, a common EU wide BWM approach has not yet clearly emerged. In this paper the authors review the BWM approaches developing in Europe, and describe the EU response on BWM. The authors further provide recommendations which may be considered when developing BWM measures in the EU. This contribution focuses on the BWM issue in European seas in light of the EU Maritime Policy and EU Marine Strategy. The Caspian Sea was also considered.     

Sonication of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton: Application to treatment of ballast water

We investigated the effect of high power ultrasound, at a frequency of 19 kHz, on the survival of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton, in order to obtain estimates of effective exposure times and energy densities that could be applied to design of ultrasonic treatment systems for ballast water. Efficacy of ultrasonic treatment varied with the size of the test organism. Zooplankton required only 3-9s of exposure time and 6-19 J/mL of ultrasonic energy to realize a 90% reduction in survival. In contrast, decimal reduction times for bacteria and phytoplankton ranged from 1 to 22 min, and decimal reduction energy densities from 31 to 1240 J/mL. Our results suggest that stand-alone ultrasonic treatment systems for ballast water, operating at 19-20 kHz, may be effective for planktonic organisms >100 microm in size, but smaller planktonic organisms such as phytoplankton and bacteria will require treatment by an additional or alternative system.     

西安市固体废弃物卫生填埋场建设中的环境岩土工程问题研究

人与环境的和谐共处是当今社会可持续发展的重要内容,面对城市固体废弃物激增所带来的人与环境之间的各种问题,卫生填埋法作为最广泛也是最彻底的固体废弃物处理方法得到了越来越多的关注和研究。卫生填埋场的建设与环境岩土工程领域内的诸多方面密切相关,针对卫生填埋场的建设中涉及到的环境岩土工程问题,在依据已有资料概括介绍国内外相关发展现状的同时,结合西安地区的特点,在填埋场场址和类型选择、废弃物工程性质指标、填埋场防渗处理、填埋场沉降计算和边坡稳定这5个方面对西安地区城市固体废弃物卫生填埋场建设中的环境岩土工程问题进行了论述,提出了相应建议,展望了研究方向。     

陕北台塬区深层黄土湿陷性研究及地基处理

陕北台塬区深层湿性黄土厚度大,地基处理困难。室内试验表明:该区黄土的湿陷性与其结构、天然含水量、孔隙比、时代成因等因素相关,黄土的湿陷系数由上到下逐渐递减,表明湿陷性随深度增加而逐渐减弱;黄土的含水量和孔隙比分别与湿陷系数呈反相关和正相关关系。提出陕北台塬区深层湿陷性黄土地基处理时,对单位荷重小于250 kPa的建筑物,适宜采用灰土垫层、灰土挤密桩或灰土挤密桩与灰土垫层相结合方案;单位荷重大于或等于250 kPa的建筑物,宜采用桩基础方案。      

UV/H2O2法降解乙酸影响因素的研究

通过采用UV/H₂O₂法,以乙酸为研究对象,高压汞灯为光源,在温度为（35±2）℃、曝空气量为0.8 L/min的条件下,研究了UV/H₂O₂技术对500 mL浓度为8 mmol/L的乙酸溶液进行的光降解反应。考察了各种因素对UV/H₂O₂降解乙酸的影响。实验表明,H₂O₂浓度为15 mmol/L、pH值为3.4时,乙酸降解效果最佳,此时,在240 min内,乙酸、TOC和COD的去除率可分别达到98%、98%和97%,体系中乙酸完全矿化。利用UV/H₂O₂法对实际糠醛废水进行了降解,效果良好。     

城市污水地下回灌的试验研究

研究了应用SBR中试系统处理后的城市污水的深度处理工艺,并以地下回灌为目的,通过2个模拟土壤柱对比,分析了渗滤速度对地下回灌的影响,并讨论了土壤对氨氮的处理效果和在土壤中氮的迁移与转化。