The fate of waste in Hawaii: Technology assessment and solid waste planning in Hawaii, 1968–78

In this article I consider the initial period of solid waste management planning in the US state of Hawaii. The State encountered a number of economic and ecological controversies during its solid waste management planning, a process that was prompted by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Some issues, like project financing, were common across the US, while others, such as the potential of waste materials to reduce reliance on imported food and materials, were more unique to Hawaii. The controversies from this initial planning period were never quite fully resolved; as they lingered, they were interpreted differently across the Islands. Based on a close reading of government, advocacy group, waste industry and news media documents, I examine the controversies over solid waste management of the time and consider how the ‘dual nature’ of waste in Hawaii—simultaneously an ecological threat and (potential) economic input—shaped the adoption of solid waste management systems there. This article adds to an expanding literature examining infrastructure in environmental and technology histories.     

陕北油气田开发中水资源综合利用

通过对陕北工业用水短缺、大量污水无序排放的调查。研究了造成陕北严重缺水的原因，发现化工废水难以净化后供人们生活使用。但通过去重金属离子后可用于油田注水开发。炼油厂废水与油田产出水按不同比例混合处理后，根据不同油田储层物性进行回注采油。结果表明，处理后的污水适应于不同地质特征的产层。这即解决陕北特低渗油层注水的水敏性问题，同时也使大量污水得到充分利用，具有明显的经济效益和社会效益。     

Ground magnetic survey of a municipal solid waste landfill: pilot study in Argentina

This paper shows the results of a ground magnetic survey carried out to study solid waste landfills. The area located southward of Gualeguaychú town was chosen as a pilot case. This zone was selected considering the available knowledge about the cessation of operations, and the interest of the local authorities in verifying the existence of anomalies indicative of possible dangerous pollutants. The total magnetic field was measured along six profiles, and the corresponding anomalies were calculated. The profiles were modelled in 2.5 D, and along them Eulers deconvolution was used to estimate the depth to the sources. The first and the second derivatives of the residual magnetic field were calculated, in order to sharpen the anomalies. Our interpretation suggests that the characteristics of the modelled bodies and the magnitudes of the detected anomalies do not indicate the presence of drums in the sanitary infill.     

基于耦合模型的中国能源生产与消费预测及其环境响应(英文)

The paper presents the prediction of total energy production and consumption in all provinces and autonomous regions as well as determination of the variation of gravity center of the energy production, consumption and total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue of China via the energy and environmental quality data from 1978 to 2009 in China by use of GM(1,1) model and gravity center model, based on which the paper also analyzes the dynamic variation in regional difference in energy production, consumption and environmental quality and their relationship. The results are shown as follows. 1) The gravity center of energy production is gradually moving southwestward and the entire movement track approxi-mates to linear variation, indicating that the difference of energy production between the east and west, south and north is narrowing to a certain extent, with the difference between the east and the west narrowing faster than that between the south and the north. 2) The gravity center of energy consumption is moving southwestward with perceptible fluctuation, of which the gravity center position from 2000 to 2005 was relatively stable, with slight annual position variation, indicating that the growth rates of all provinces and autonomous regions are basically the same. 3) The gravity center of the total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue is characterized by fluctuation in longitude and latitude to a certain degree. But, it shows a southwestward trend on the whole. 4) There are common ground and discrepancy in the variation track of the gravity center of the energy production & consumption of China, and the comparative analysis of the gravity center of them and that of total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue shows that the environmental quality level is closely associated with the energy production and consumption (especially the energy consumption), indicating that the environment cost in economy of energy is higher in China.     

不同沉淀法处理含铬废水的比较

含铬废水具有有机物含量高,难降解物质浓度高,色度大,悬浮物多,水质、水量变化大,含有微量毒性物质等特点。本文探讨了在不同参数条件下,硫酸亚铁、铁、硫化亚铁三种还原剂对含铬废水处理效果的影响,实验表明:硫酸亚铁具有明显的优越性,在同等条件下其去除率达到99%以上。     

Retardation capacity of altered granitic rock distributed along fractured and faulted zones in the orogenic belt of Japan

There are wide areas of granitic rocks in the Japanese orogenic belt. These granitic bodies inevitably contain fracture and fault systems associated with alteration zones. However, relatively little attention has been given to the possible influence of such widely distributed alteration zones on the migration of radionuclides from any radioactive waste repository that might in future be sited within granitic rock. In particular, the influences of alteration products and micro-fractures, due to chemical sorption and/or physical retardation require further consideration. In order to understand the retardation capacity of the altered deep granitic rocks, detailed geometrical characterization of pores, geochemical analysis, and batch sorption and flow-through experiments have been carried out. Those results show that the altered granite has a large volume of accessible pores, particularly in potassium-feldspar grains, which would influence nuclide retardation more than the accessible porosity in other minerals present, such as biotite. The distribution coefficients, Kd estimated from batch sorption tests and flow-through experiments suggest that altered granite has a high capability to retard the migration of nuclides. The retardation would probably be due to sorption on altered minerals such as sericite and iron hydroxides formed along grain boundaries and in pores created by dissolution, in addition to sorption on primary sorptive minerals. These results provide confidence that even altered and fractured parts of any granitic rock that might be encountered in a site for the disposal of high level radioactive waste may still retard radionuclide migration and thereby help the geosphere to function as a barrier.     

Large scale failure of the external waste dump at the “South Field” lignite mine, Northern Greece

This paper presents the failure process of the external waste dump of the South Field Mine, the major open pit mine in Greece. The waste materials of the mine were deposited in three phases, forming an average inclination slope 10% and a total height of 110 m from the ground surface. The failure occurred when the third phase of the deposit was initiated. The high moisture content of the waste materials and their deposition over a spring, choking its flow, had as a result the development of high pore water pressure in clayey and marly materials in the base of the deposit. As a consequence, a large scale slope failure incident occurred. The landslide involved the mobilization of waste material in the order of 40 Mm³, while the material that moved outside the boundaries of the waste dump was in the order of 2.5 Mm³. The stability of the waste dump was investigated using the limit equilibrium analysis and different types of models.Limit equilibrium analyses were performed using different methods and considering the clay layer of small shear resistance that exists in the base of the deposit. They do not indicate activation of failure mechanism, only that there is a combination of high pore water pressure that developed in the deposit because the covering of the spring with the clayey materials of the dump.     

高放废物地质处置阿拉善预选区巴彦诺日公地段目标深度岩体质量预测

高放废物地质处置阿拉善预选区巴彦诺日公地段位于阿拉善地块东部,主要由二叠纪侵入的花岗岩构成,地壳次稳定。通过踏勘,确定了2个钻孔,布置了若干条物探剖面。以这2个钻孔为中心,在17km×17km范围内进行了工程地质测绘,获得了地表结构面分布特征。地表岩体质量以III级岩体为主,地表以下3m~4m处多为I级和II级岩体。根据钻孔岩芯编录和力学试验数据,对岩芯质量进行评价,岩芯整体质量较好,以Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级岩体为主。对比岩体质量和测井数据,发现岩体质量与岩体的物理参数具有明显的相关性。通过和CSAMT剖面上对应位置的对比,建立了岩体质量与电阻率的关系。结合地表岩体质量、钻孔岩芯质量和物探剖面,对目标深度岩体进行了预测：目标深度（600m深左右）岩体质量以Ⅰ级岩体为主,局部有Ⅱ级岩体和Ⅲ岩体。     

一种适用于高放废物地质处置数据管理的多源信息分类与编码体系

综合考虑高放废物地质处置多源信息的数据特点,按照学科专题领域划分原则,同时兼顾GIS等信息技术在新兴领域中的应用,形成了一套适用于高放废物地质处置数据管理的多源信息分类与编码体系。该体系遵循相关国际或国家基础信息标准及废物处置等行业标准,同时采用面向对象程序设计与兼顾GIS分析的思想,有利于更大程度地满足核技术领域信息共享需求。     

Rock Mass Characteristics in Beishan, A Preselected Area for China’s High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal

Geological and hydrological characteristics, joint geometric features, rock physical and mechanical properties and rock mass quality are studied in the Beishan area, preselected for China’s high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal engineering. A comprehensive survey method is developed to study joint geometric features in the outcrop and samples from borehole BS06 into the Xinchang rock mass were tested. The optimal joint sets are determined by rose diagrams and equal-area lower hemisphere plots of joint poles. Results show that: 1) the distribution of joint occurrence obeys a normal distribution, while the distribution of joint spacing obeys a negative exponential distribution; 2) concentric circular and tangent circular sampling windows are applied to study the trace length and the trace midpoint density. Results indicate that tangent circular sampling window is more stable and reasonable; 3) Beishan granite shows high density, low porosity and high strength based on many laboratory tests and the physical properties and mechanical properties are closely related; and 4) a synthesis index, Joint Structure Rating (JSR), is applied to evaluate the quality of rock mass. Through the research results of rock mass characteristics, the Xinchang rock mass in the Beishan preselected area has the favorable conditions for China’s HLW disposal repository site.