新疆西天山果子沟地区开亚他斯火山机构及成矿潜力浅析

新疆西天山地区的早石炭世古火山机构是形成金矿床的重要构造。本文通过对新疆西天山果子沟地区开亚他斯古火山机构的形成时代、岩石类型、火山岩相、喷发旋回、喷发韵律、成矿条件的调查研究, 初步确定开亚他斯古火山机构形成于331Ma±2Ma(早石炭世), 为一套钙碱性系列岩石组合, 具有爆发相—喷溢相—爆发相的火山活动特征, 火山岩中金、锑、铋、锌、钼元素背景值较高, 有形成阿希火山岩型金床的成矿背景和潜力。      

Identifying volcanic regimes using Hidden Markov Models

We examine the application of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to volcanic occurrences. The parameters in HMMs can be estimated from data by means of the Expectation–Maximization (EM) algorithm. Various formulations permit modelling the activity level of a volcano through onset counts, the intensity of a Markov Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP), or through the intervals between onsets. More elaborate models allow investigation of the relationship between durations and reposes. After fitting the model, the Viterbi algorithm can be used to identify the underlying (hidden) activity level of the volcano most consistent with the observations. The HMM readily provides forecasts of the next event, and is easily simulated. Data of flank eruptions 1600–2006 from Mount Etna are used to illustrate the methodology. We find that the volcano has longish periods of Poissonian behaviour, interspersed with less random periods, and that changes in regime may be more frequent than have previously been identified statistically. The flank eruptions of Mount Etna appear to have a complex time-predictable character, which is compatible with transitions between an open and closed conduit system. The relationship between reposes and durations appears to characterize the cyclic nature of the volcanoes activity.     

西藏冈底斯带措勤地区则弄群火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学格架及构造意义

大规模的则弄群火山岩呈带状近东西向展布于西藏冈底斯带中北部地区.对出露状况较好的措勤地区则弄群火山岩进行了锆石U-Pb定年,以建立其年代学格架便于区域对比.措勤地区则弄群火山岩多数锆石具有生长振荡环带,部分锆石显示核边结构.在措勤达雄北西部上覆于中二叠统下拉组灰岩的1件则弄群英安岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Ph年龄为130±1Ma,1件则弄群流纹岩样品的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为129±3Ma;在措勤达雄北东部与下白垩统多尼组碎屑岩呈断层接触的1件则弄群英安岩样品中的锆石具有两组LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄,最年轻的一组(包括增生边)为121±1Ma,较老的一组(包括核部)为131±1Ma;在措勤南西部1件则异群流纹岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为111±1Ma,与措勤地区花岗岩类的侵位时代相当.这些高质量的锆石U-Pb年代学数据表明,措勤地区的则弄群火山作用很可能开始于约130Ma,停息于约110Ma,持续时间约20Ma.区域对比表明,东西延伸约1000km的则弄群火山作用同时发生在约130Ma.区域上目前的年代学数据结合同时代岩浆作用的分布特征表明,冈底斯带中北部地区早白垩世岩浆作用不太可能由新特提斯洋壳向北的低角度或平板俯冲产生.     

新疆博格达东缘色皮口地区晚石炭世裂谷火山岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究

新疆色皮口地区位于博格达造山带东段北部,区域内的上石炭统柳树沟组火山岩为玄武岩-玄武安山岩、角斑岩-石英角斑岩和流纹岩,组成双峰式火山岩建造。岩石SiO 2含量为48.07%~77.62%,赖特碱度率(AR)为1.35~4.7,Na2O+K2O含量为3.74%~9.02%,K2O/Na2O值为0.04~1.04,为低钾高钠钙碱性-碱性岩石。玄武岩、玄武安山岩TiO 2=0.86%~1.7%,较高的Al、低Mg,以及低K2O/TiO 2和K2O/P2O5比值(分别为0.13~1.81、0.36~6.00),反映了在岩浆演化过程中发生了不明显的分离结晶作用。玄武岩、玄武安山岩、角斑岩不相容元素K、Rb、Th、Ba强富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf无富集,Ti亏损不明显,玄武岩(Th/Nb)N值为1.36~6.55,Nb/La值为0.29~0.44,具有较低的Nb/Zr比值(0.03~0.05)。由玄武岩到石英角斑岩,稀土元素组成略右倾平行曲线簇,倾斜度(轻重稀土分异度)略增大,铕负异常趋于明显(δEu=0.81~1.17)。流纹岩不相容元素K、Rb、Th、Ba富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf富集,流纹岩稀土总量增高,轻重稀土分异增大,明显铕负异常(δEu=0.27~0.50),显示后期较强的岩浆分异作用。石英角斑岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为314.9±1.2Ma(n=16,MSWD=0.4,Th/U比值在0.56~1.21之间),这表明石英角斑岩形成时代为晚石炭世。石英角斑岩中锆石的176Hf/177Hf比值均分布在0.282897~0.283097之间,并具有较高的正εHf值(11~18),平均值为14,Hf的模式年龄tDM2介于180~628Ma。所有锆石的176Hf/177Hf比值和εHf值位于亏损地幔演化线与下地壳之间,并靠近亏损地幔演化线。上述特点反映晚石炭世火山岩形成于板内裂谷环境,下部玄武岩与角斑岩-石英角斑岩具有同源特征,暗示岩浆源区来源于亏损地幔,并受地壳混染。     

Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Bayanhushuo area,southern Great Xing’an Range,NE China: constraints from zircon U–Pb geochronological and geochemical data of volcanic and subvolcanic rocks

This study presents new zircon U–Pb geochronology, geochemistry, and zircon Hf isotopic data of volcanic and subvolcanic rocks that crop out in the Bayanhushuo area of the southern Great Xing’an Range (GXR) of NE China. These data provide insights into the tectonic evolution of this area during the late Mesozoic and constrain the evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. Combining these new ages with previously published data suggests that the late Mesozoic volcanism occurred in two distinct episodes: Early–Middle Jurassic (176–173 Ma) and Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (151–138 Ma). The Early–Middle Jurassic dacite porphyry belongs to high-K calc-alkaline series, showing the features of I-type igneous rock. This unit has zircon ε_Hf(t) values from +4.06 to +11.62 that yield two-stage model ages (T_DM2) from 959 to 481 Ma. The geochemistry of the dacite porphyry is indicative of formation in a volcanic arc tectonic setting, and it is derived from a primary magma generated by the partial melting of juvenile mafic crustal material. The Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks belong to high-K calc-alkaline or shoshonite series and have A₂-type affinities. These volcanics have ε_Hf(t) and T_DM2 values from +5.00 to +8.93 and from 879 to 627 Ma, respectively. The geochemistry of these Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks is indicative of formation in a post-collisional extensional environment, and they formed from primary magmas generated by the partial melting of juvenile mafic lower crust. The discovery of late Mesozoic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks within the southern GXR indicates that this region was in volcanic arc and extensional tectonic settings during the Early–Middle Jurassic and the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, respectively. This indicates that the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate was undergoing subduction during the Early–Middle Jurassic, and this ocean adjacent to the GXR may have closed by the Late Middle Jurassic–Early Late Jurassic.     

Underground Temperature Measurements as a Tool for Volcanic Activity Monitoring in the Island of Tenerife, Canary Islands

The spatial distribution of groundwater temperatures in the volcanic island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, has been inferred through measurements of water temperatures collected in the vast network of wells and subhorizontal tunnels, locally called “galleries,” which constitutes the main water supply of the island. The spatial coverage of the network of galleries allows us to reach from depth almost any geological feature of the island. The complex spatial distribution of temperatures in the interior of Tenerife is the result of the complex geological evolution of the island. Groundwater temperatures are greatly affected by groundwater flow and are considerably warmer in those galleries located in areas where water circulation is reduced due to the low permeability of materials and/or to the low infiltration rate of cooling meteoric water. In this sense, groundwater temperature should be characterized in quiescent conditions (background level), in order to facilitate monitoring changes in heat flow, such as those induced by ascending gases expected with an increase in volcanic activity.     

The influence of volcanism on paleoclimate in the northeast of China： Insights from Jinchuan peat, Jilin Province, China

Just like contemporary sediments, peat itself is a good repository of information about climate change, the effects of volcanic activity on climate change have been truly recorded in peat, since it is a major archive of volcanic eruption incidents. A section of sand was identified as tephra from the Jinchuan peat, Jilin Province, China, for the grains look like slag with surface bubbles and pits, characterized by high porosity, and loose structure with irregular edges and corners. According to the peat characteristics of uniform deposition, the tephra was dated at 2002–1976 a B.P. by way of linear interpolation, so the time of volcanic eruption was 15 B.C.–26 A.D. (the calibrated age). While the geochemical characteristics of tephra in this study are quite the same as those of tephra from the Jinlongdingzi volcano at Longgang and from alkaline basaltic magma, with the contents of SiO₂<55%, and the similar contents to Al₂O₃ and Fe, but the contents of Na₂O>K₂O. We speculated that the tephra in this study came from the Longgang volcano group. Compared with 11 recorded volcanic eruption events as shown on the carbon and oxygen isotope curves of the Jinchuan peat cellulose, it is obviously seen that adjacent or large-scale volcanic eruptions are precisely corresponding to the minimum temperature and humidity. It seems that these volcanic eruptions indeed affected the local climate, leading to the drop of regional temperature and humidity. As a result, there was prevailing a cold and dry climate there, and all these changes can be well recorded in peat. So the comparison of volcanic eruption events with information about climate change developed from peat, can provide strong evidence for the impact of volcanism on climate change.     

西天山昭苏北部石炭纪火山岩的岩石地球化学特征、成因及形成环境

西天山昭苏北部早石炭纪大哈拉军山组火山岩由碱性橄榄玄武岩和少量的拉斑玄武岩组成。火山岩TiO2（1．10～1．99％）和P2O5（0．22～0．70％）含量较高,富集大离子亲石元素（Rb,Ba,K）并强烈亏损高场强元素（Nb,Ta,Ti）（（Nb／La）N=0．20～0．36）,轻重稀土分异,其地球化学特征总体上与美国盆岭地区新生代（中新世中期之前）火山岩以及中美洲和南美洲的弧后“过渡型”基性火山岩相似,但与典型火山弧岩浆岩有些不同。大量元古代继承锆石的出现以及主量、微量元素和Nd同位素地球化学特征均表明火山岩经历了相当程度的结晶分异和陆壳混染（AFC）。与碱性玄武岩相比,拉斑玄武岩的SiO2含量和K2O／Na2O比值较高,而εNd（t）,MgO和Mg^#值较低,可能由碱性玄武岩浆经AFC演化形成。碱性橄榄玄武岩中含富Fe,Ti贫Si的火山岩夹层（Fe-Ti玄武岩）,是碱性玄武质岩浆依Fenner趋势发生较高程度结晶分异的产物。火山岩的元素地球化学特征指示岩浆源区可能为俯冲流体交代富集的岩石圈地幔,然而,Fe-Ti玄武岩的出现以及地球化学特征随时间的规律性变化均指示它们形成于拉张的构造环境。我们提出,昭苏北部大哈拉军山组火山岩可能形成于具有元古代陆壳基底的活动大陆边缘弧后拉张环境。这一认识与前人提出的大哈拉军山组火山岩为地幔柱活动影响的大陆裂谷岩浆岩的认识有所不同。     

腾冲火山及周边地区双差层析成像

利用云南腾冲火山地区15个固定台站记录到的7923次地震的P波到时资料,采用双差层析成像方法,反演得到腾冲火山及周边地区地壳及上地幔顶部三维P波速度结构和地震重定位结果.研究发现,腾冲火山区域地壳内存在明显的地震波低速区,P波速度低于整个区域地壳速度平均值超过15%,上地幔顶部存在规模较大的低速异常区.推测腾冲火山地区存在较大规模的地幔热物质上涌以及向地壳的侵入,热物质在地壳内以岩浆囊形式存储,并且壳内岩浆囊之间可能存在岩浆通道.通过联合反演获得的地震重定位结果显示,丛集地震位置更加集中,其展布特征与断裂构造具有显著的对应关系,表明研究区域断裂构造比较活跃.获得的高分辨率三维P波层析成像结果,为进一步认识火山地区岩浆存储特征以及地震分布与区域构造之间的关系提供了新的地震学依据.

     

内蒙古白女羊盘地区白女羊盘组火山岩地层层序及时代

分布于内蒙古白女羊盘地区的白女羊盘组为一套陆相火山喷发—沉积地层,其下部为玄武岩,中部为安山岩、粗面岩,上部为流纹岩及其火山碎屑岩,出露厚度大于４２６米。根据其下伏沉积地层中化石和孢粉资料及火山岩同位素测年资料,白女羊盘组火山岩的时代为早白垩世,其层位相当于下白垩统固阳组的上部层位。白女羊盘组火山岩的碱度与酸度变化较大,玄武岩与安山岩属碱性系列,流纹岩属钙碱性系列。