青海省共和盆地周缘晚古生代镁铁质火山岩Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学及其地质意义

青海省共和盆地周缘晚古生代镁铁质火山岩分属阿尼玛卿蛇绿混杂带,宗务隆构造带和苦海-赛什塘带。阿尼玛卿带正常洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)样品具有较高的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(t)比值(0.7066～0.7084)、高的ε_(Nd)(t)(12.2～12.8)和较低的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb初始值(17.72～17.79)。这些同位素特征类似于秦岭勉略蛇绿岩带的N-MORB以及印度洋低~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb高~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd N-MORB。该带中的洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值为0.7036～0.7044,ε_(Nd)(t)=4.4～4.8,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.45～17.62。其Sr和Nd同位素比值可与印度洋代表热点构造的洋岛玄武岩对比,但~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb低于印度洋的热点构造玄武岩,因此,具有类似印度洋低~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值MORB同位素特征。宗务隆构造带的N-MORB的Sr同位素比值在0.7041～0.7058,ε_(Nd)(t)=6.1～8.4,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.51～17.90,划归高~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值的N-MORB。苦海大陆裂谷玄武岩显示了高的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr同位素比值(0.7115和0.7104)和低的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-1.7和-2.5),其~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb(17.64和17.46)与上述大洋玄武质岩石无显著区别。上述各岩类的同位素特征反映了它们生成的构造环境和陆壳组分混染的程度。阿尼玛卿带的N-MORB代表了典型的来自亏损地幔源区的洋中脊产物。与勉略带同类岩石可能来自同一源区。OIB可能属于热点构造成因的洋岛产物并与MORB一起构成了阿尼玛卿洋洋壳。宗务隆带MORB同样代表了主要源自相对亏损地幔的洋脊产物并指示宗务隆带曾开裂成洋。苦海大陆裂谷玄武岩极高的Sr和低的Nd同位素比值是陆壳物质组分的强烈印记,这与该类火山岩发育在前寒武纪基底之上不无关系。结合本区大洋玄武岩普遍低的Nb/U和Ce/Pb比值,推测它们可能源自EMII与DMM物质的交代混合。按照习惯的想法,明显的Dupal异常(△~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb值=46～103和△~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb值=4～18;大多样品~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr>0.704)指示这些岩石在空间上代表了来自南半球印度洋位置的古洋壳残余。但是,北半球愈来愈多的Dupal异常的发现有可能指示它们是类似现今东南亚多洋岛构造历经"汇聚式(focused)俯冲"的产物。此外,宗务隆带MORB的Dupal异常指示本区古特提斯域的北界较先前所定还要北推200km。     

内蒙古狼山-渣尔泰山中元古代被动陆缘裂陷槽裂解过程中的火山活动及其示踪意义

狼山-渣尔泰山中元古代被动陆缘裂陷槽内产有炭窑口、东升庙、霍各乞和甲生盘等海底喷流-沉积铅锌铜铁硫化物矿床。它在裂解过程中产生了明显的间歇性海底火山喷发。已分别在霍各乞、东升庙和炭窑口矿床容矿岩组中已找到岩性不同、并具有变余斑状或聚斑状或显微球粒结构、变余杏仁构造的海相火山岩与凝灰岩层,它们是确认该裂陷槽裂解过程的有效标志。依据(1)西部炭窑口矿区容矿岩组中发育钾质"双峰式"火山岩,其基性火山岩的K_2O(4.23～5.93%)>Na_2O (2.15～3.14%)、Na_2O K_2O=6.51～8.08%、长石斑晶为钠长石(No.=2.8～7.2),酸性火山岩的K_2O(6.22～4.83%)>Na_2O(2.78～3.87%)、Na_2O K_2O=8.63～9.00%、长石斑晶为钠长石(No.=0.2～0.7)、长石微晶主要为钾长石;(2)东升庙矿区则发育钠质"双峰式"火山岩,其基性火山岩的Na_2O(3.84～4.30%)>K_2O(2.49～3.80%)、Na_2O K_2O=6.44～7.92%、长石斑晶为更长石(No.=11～25),酸性火山岩的Na_2O(3.64～5.31%)>K_2O(1.19～2.75%)、Na_2O K_2O=6.28～7.68%,长石斑晶与基质均为钠长石(No.=0～1.1);(3)霍各乞矿区发育基性火山岩,其Na_2O(1.36～3.78%)>K_2O (0.30～2.16%),Na_2O K_2O=2.03～4.09%;(4)炭窑口、东升庙与霍各乞矿床三矿区火山岩的稀土元素与微量元素蛛网图的标准化曲线有相似性和显著差别;(5)炭窑口、东各庙和霍各乞矿区基性火山岩的Sm-Nd模式年龄依次为1857～1877Ma和2006～2132Ma、1740～1867Ma、1486～1606Ma;(6)容矿岩组中有多层凝灰岩与火山碎屑及少量含火山碎屑的矿石,再结合该裂陷槽内各矿床的铅同位素模式年龄和甲生盘矿区只有少量凝灰质夹层,可以揭示该裂陷槽在中元古代的不均匀裂解过程,表现出从西部炭窑口→东升庙→东部的甲生盘一带先后裂解、狼山南侧早于北侧裂解以及从狼山→渣尔泰山同沉积期火山活动由明显→微弱的明显变化趋势。     

溧水盆地两类晚中生代中酸性火山岩的岩石成因

下扬子地区溧水盆地晚中生代中酸性火山岩的元素-同位素地球化学分析结果显示,区域上存在同期的两类准铝质高钾钙碱性中酸性火山岩。第1类以龙王山组粗面安山岩为代表,它们在空间上与玄武岩共生,SiO2含量为58.0%~58.9%,富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb=104×10-6~117×10-6,Ba=651×10-6~695×10-6)及LREE(如Ce=47.4×10-6~49.0×10-6),强烈亏损Nb_Ta,基本无Eu异常或弱异常(Eu/Eu=0.87~1.01,平均值为0.95),和同期玄武岩具有非常相似的Sr和Nd同位素比值[87Sr/86Sr(i)=0.70551~0.70557;εNd(t)=-3.6~-2.9],为同期基性岩浆经历了角闪石 斜长石 磷灰石分离结晶作用的产物。第2类火山岩由大王山组粗面岩组成,其SiO2含量为61.9%~66.4%,MgO变化在1.07%~2.56%之间,表现出与龙王山组中酸性火山岩类似的微量元素元素特征,但具更高的K2O、Rb、Th、REE、HFSE和低的FeOT、TiO2、P2O5、CaO、Sr和相容元素含量,较龙王山组基性火山岩具高Sr和低Nd同位素比值[87Sr/86Sr(i)=0.70663~0.70813;εNd(t)=-7.7~-4.8],其高钾、准铝质的英安岩成分特征难以通过地壳部分熔融作用来解释,而相对同期基性火山岩高Sr而低Nd的同位素组成反映它们为玄武质岩浆在上升过程中受到大陆上地壳物质同化混染作用(AFC)的产物。     

Approaches to stratigraphy of the paleogene volcanogenic sequences in northwestern Kamchatka

“Volcanogenic Complex” as a stratigraphic term is substantiated. Also discussed are peculiarities of the volcanic process, the nature and evolution time of the volcanic structures, the complete and incomplete volcanic cycles. Data of comprehensive geological, stratigraphic and paleovolcanologic study are used to subdivide the Kinkil’skii Formation of Paleogene volcanogenic rocks in the northwestern Kamchatka, which has undivided previously, into the Shamanka, Rebro, Bozhedomova, and Geeklen volcanogenic complexes of concurrent or different ages. As a result, two epochs of volcanism (the late Ypresian-Lutetian and late Bartonian-Priabonian) are distinguished. A hiatus separating the epochs was a time of intense scouring and leveling the landforms and of the weathering crust formation. In conclusions, some problems of the paleogeography in Kamchatka and adjacent territories are discussed.     

Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Late Permian coals from the Songzao Coalfield, Chongqing, southwestern China

Mineralogy and geochemistry of the four main workable coal seams (No.6, No.7, No.8, and No.11) of Late Permian age from the Songzao Coalfield, Chongqing, Southwest China, were examined using in- ductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), cold-vapor absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS), ion-selective electrode (ISE), scanning electron mi- croscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The results showed that the main workable No.8 Coal that accounts for about 60% of the total coal reserves in the Songzao Coalfield was not enriched in hazardous trace elements. The No.11 Coal has high concentrations of alkaline elements, Be (9.14 μg/g), Sc (12.9 μg/g), Ti (9508 μg/g), Mn (397 μg/g), Co (23.7 μg/g), Cu (108 μg/g), Zn (123 μg/g), Ga (32 μg/g), Zr (1304 μg/g), Nb (169 μg/g), Hf (32.7 μg/g), Ta (11.4 μg/g), W (24.8 μg/g), Hg (0.28 μg/g), Pb (28.1 μg/g), Th (24.1 μg/g), and rare earth elements (509.62 μg/g). The concentration of Nb and Ta in the No. 11 Coal is higher than the industrial grade, and their potential utilization should be further studied. Besides pyrite, quartz, calcite, and clay minerals, trace minerals including chalcopyrite, marcasite, siderite, albite, mixed-layer clay minerals of illite and smectite, monazite, apatite, anatase, chlorite, and gypsum were found in the No.11 Coal. It should be noted that alabandite of hydrothermal origin and anatase occurring as cement were identi- fied in coal. In addition, the clayey microbands derived from alkaline volcanic ashes were identified in the coal. The dominant compositions of these clayey microbands were mixed-layer clay minerals of illite and smectite, which were interlayered with organic bands. The modes of occurrence of alkaline volcanic ash bands indicate that the volcanic activities were characterized by the multiple eruptions, short time interval and small scale for each eruption during peat accumulation. The alkaline volcanic ashes were the dominant factors for the enrichment of alkaline elements, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and rare earth elements, and the sulfide minerals are the main carriers of Ga, Cu, and Hg in the No. 11 Coal.     

Anomalous Emissions of SO2 During the Recent Eruption of Santa Ana Volcano, El Salvador, Central America

Santa Ana volcano in western El Salvador, Central America, had a phreatic eruption at 8:05 am (local time) on October 1, 2005, 101 years after its last eruption. However, during the last one hundred years this volcano has presented periods of quiet degassing with fumarolic activity and an acidic lake within its crater. This paper presents results of frequent measurements of SO₂ degassing using the MiniDOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) system and a comparison with the volcanic seismicity prior to the eruption, during, and after the eruption. Vehicle measurements of SO₂ flux were taken every hour during the first nine days of the eruption and daily after that. The period of time reported here is from August to December, 2005. Three periods of degassing are distinguished: pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive periods. The intense activity at Santa Ana volcano started in July 2005. During the pre-eruptive period up to 4306 and 5154 ton/day of SO₂ flux were recorded on October 24 and September 9, 2005, respectively. These values were of the same order of magnitude as the recorded values just after the October 1^st eruption (2925 ton/day at 10:01 am). Hourly measurements of SO₂ flux taken during the first nine days after the main eruptive event indicate that explosions are preceded by an increase in SO₂ flux and that this parameter reaches a peak after the explosion took place. This behavior suggests that increasing accumulation of exsolved magmatic gases occurs within the magmatic chamber before the explosions, increasing the pressure until the point of explosion. A correlation between SO₂ fluxes and RSAM (Real Time Seismic Amplitude Measurements) is observed during the complete sampling period. Periodic fluctuations in the SO₂ and RSAM values during the entire study period are observed. One possible mechanism explaining these fluctuations it that convective circulation within the magmatic chamber can bring fresh magma periodically to shallow levels, allowing increasing degasification and then decreasing degasification as the batch of magma lowers its gas content, becomes denser, and sinks to give space to a new magma pulse. These results illustrate that the measurements of SO₂ flux can provide important warning signals for incoming explosive activity in active volcanoes.     

Shallow structure of the Somma–Vesuvius volcano from 3D inversion of gravity data

A gravity investigation was carried out in the Somma–Vesuvius complex area (Campania, Italy) based on a dataset recently enlarged with new measurements. These cover the volcanic top and fill some other important spatial gaps in previous surveys. Besides the new gravity map of the Vesuvius, we also present the results of a 3D inverse modelling, carried out by using constraints from deep well exploration and seismic reflection surveys. The resulting density model provides a complete reconstruction of the top of the carbonate basement. This is relevant mostly on the western side of the survey area, where no significant information was previously available. Other new information regards the Somma–Vesuvius structure. It consists of an annular volume of rocks around the volcanic vent and that extends down to the carbonate basement. It results to be denser with respect to the surrounding sedimentary cover of the Campanian Plain and to the material located just along the central axis of the volcanic structure. The coherence between these features and other geophysical evidences from previous studies, will be discussed together with the other results of this research.     

Temporal Variability of Major and Trace Element Concentrations in the Groundwaters of Mt. Etna (Italy): Effects of Transient Input of Magmatic Fluids Highlighted by Means of Cluster Analysis

Data for major, minor and trace elements in groundwaters from Mt. Etna volcano collected in 1994, 1995 and 1997 were analyzed using Cluster Analysis (CA). Two groups of sampling sites were identified (named clusters A and B), mainly on the basis of their different salinity and content of dissolved CO₂. The highest levels of both of these parameters were observed in the sites of cluster A, located in the lower south-western and central eastern flanks of the volcano. For both of the statistical groups CA was repeated, taking into account the mean values of each parameter in time, and the results allowed us to recognize four distinct groups of parameters for each group of sites on the basis of their temporal patterns. Four different types of temporal patterns were recognized: concave, convex, increasing, decreasing. The observed changes were basically interpreted as a result of the different response of dissolved chemical elements to changes in the aqueous environment and/or in their solubility/mobility in water due to different rates of input of magmatic gases to Etna’s aquifers. The main changes occurred in 1995, when Etna’s volcanic activity resumed after a two-year period of rest. The temporal changes of the majority of the studied parameters (water temperature, water conductivity, Eh, pH, Al, Mg, B, Ca, Cl⁻, Hg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Se, Si, Sr, Cr Zn and pCO₂) were not cluster-dependent, therefore they were not apparently affected by differences in water salinity between the two groups of sampling sites. A limited number of parameters (Ti, K, Li, HCO₃⁻, As, Fe, SO₄²⁻, Cu and V), however, manifested different behaviors, depending on the cluster of sites to which they belonged, thus suggesting their apparent dependency on water salinity.     

长白山火山区几何形变的联合反演

应用长白山火山区的水准和GPS资料，采用Mogi源模型对火山区的压力源参数进行联合反演，并考虑天池火山南侧断层的影响，利用Okada的断层位错模型对长白山火山区近年来的主要活动区天池火山的地下岩浆的可能变化进行推测，得出以下结论：长白山天池火山浅层目前为单一的压力源，位置仍在天池老火山口一带；近几年岩浆上涌活动比较明显；天池南侧的北西向隐伏断裂有一定的活动性。