SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age and significance of Early Paleozoic volcanic rocks in East Kunlun orogenic belt, Qinghai Province, China

A great deal of practical data in recent years have proved that the East Kunlun orogenic belt and even the China central orogenic belt are complex orogenic belts that underwent polycycle orogenic evolvement[1―7]. Each orogenic cycle has left a compositional print, the multi-period ophiolites[4―6] and various types of tec-tono-magmatic production in the same orogenic belt. There is a suite of shallow metamorphic volcanic rocks in the Nuomuhong area in the east part of the East Kunlun orogen…     

Effect of gas emissions from Tianchi volcano (NE China) on environment and its potential volcanic hazards

One of largest eruptions in the Tianchi volcano during the Holocene occurred in about 1000 years ago[1―3]. The volcanic ash erupted had been found in Japan, which is more than 1000 km from the Tianchi volcanic vent[4,5]. Moreover, this eruption has been recognized in the study of Greenland ice core (GISP2)[6,7]. There have been many studies about eruption products of the Tianchi volcano, which dominantly focused on petrological, geochemical and volcanic eruptive dynamic aspects[8―10]. On…     

Volcaniclastic deposits from the North Arch volcanic field, Hawaii: explosive fragmentation of alkalic lava at abyssal depths

Submarine explosive eruptions are generally considered to become less likely with increasing depth due to the increasing hydrostatic pressure of the overlying water column. Volcaniclastic deposits from the North Arch volcanic field, north of Oahu, have textural characteristics of explosive fragmentation yet were erupted in water depths greater than 4,200 m. The most abundant volcaniclastic samples from North Arch are clast-supported with highly vesicular, angular pyroclasts. They are most likely near-vent pyroclastic fall deposits formed in eruption columns of limited height. Interbedded with highly vesicular pillow lava, they form low (50 to 200 m), steep-sided cones around the vents. Less common are stratified samples with graded bedding; one such sample includes a layer of roughly aligned, platy, bubble-wall glass fragments (resembling littoral limu o Pele) that may have been deposited by density currents. In addition to bubble-wall glass shards, numerous glass fragments with spherical, delicate spindle and ribbon shapes, and Pele's hair-like glass strands occur in the finer size fraction (<0.5 mm) of some samples. They are probably more distal fallout. Another sample, consisting of glass fragments dispersed in a marine clay matrix, was apparently reworked and deposited farther from the vents by bottom currents. Glass compositions include low-(∼0.4-0.6 wt%) and medium-K₂O (>0.6 wt%) alkalic basalt, basanite, and nephelinite. Sulfur and chlorine abundances are high, reaching a maximum of 1,800 and 1,300 ppm, respectively. The ubiquitous presence of limu o Pele fragments, regardless of glass composition, suggests that bursts of Strombolian-like activity accompanied most eruptions. Coalescing vesicles observed in larger pyroclasts and some pillow lava suggests accumulation of volatiles. Since the great hydrostatic pressure makes steam expansion impossible, a volatile-rich, supercritical magmatic fluid probably drove the eruptions. If these volatile-rich magmas had erupted in shallow water or subaerially, tall fountains would most likely have resulted. The great hydrostatic pressure (>40 MPa) limited fountain and eruption column heights.     

Visualization of Volcanic Rock Geochemical Data and Classification with Artificial Neural Networks

An unsupervised neural network technique, Growing Cell Structures (GCS) was used to visualize geochemical differences between four different island arc volcanic rock types: basalts, andesites, dacites and rhyolites. The output of the method shows the cluster structure of the dataset clearly, and the relevant geochemical patterns and relationships between its variables. The data can be separated into four clusters, each associated with a specific volcanic rock type (basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite), according to a unique combination of major element concentrations. Following clustering, performance of the trained GCS network as a classifier of volcanic rock type was tested using two test datasets with major element concentration data for 312 and 496 island arc volcanic rock samples of known volcanic type. Preliminary classification results are promising. In the first test dataset 94% of basalts, 76% of andesites, 83% of dacites and 100% of the rhyolites were classified correctly. Successful classification rates in the second dataset were 100%, 80%, 77%, and 98% respectively. The success of the analysis suggests that neural networks analysis constitutes a useful analytical tool for identification of natural clusters and examination of the relationships between numeric variables in large datasets, and that can be used for automatic classification of new data.     

Major-ion bulk deposition around an active volcano (Mt. Etna, Italy)

Bulk atmospheric deposition of major cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg) and anions (Cl, F, SO₄) were measured at 15 sites around an active volcano, Mount Etna, from 2001 to 2003. Their composition indicates several natural sources, among which deposition of plume-derived volcanogenic gas compounds is prevalent for F, Cl and S. Plume-derived acidic compounds are also responsible for the prevailing acidic composition of the samples collected on the summit of the volcano (pH in the 2.45–5.57 range). Cation species have complex origin, including deposition of plume volcanogenic ash and aerosols and soil-dust wind re-suspension of either volcanic or carbonate sedimentary rocks. Variation of the deposition rates during the March 2001–March 2003 period, coupled with previous measurements from 1997 to 2000 (Appl Geochem 16:985–1000, 2001), were compared with the variation of SO₂ flux, volcanic activity and rainfall. The deposition rate was mainly controlled by rainfall. Commonly, about 0.1–0.9% of HF, HCl and SO₂ emitted by the summit crater's plume were deposited around the volcano. We estimate that ∼2 Gg of volcanogenic sulphur were deposited over the Etnean area during the 2002–2003 flank eruption, at an average rate of ∼24 Mg day⁻¹ which is two orders of magnitude higher than that typical of quiescent degassing phases.     

Remote and in situ plume measurements of acid gas release from La Soufrière volcano, Guadeloupe

This paper presents the first remote measurements of La Soufrière gas emissions since the fumarolic and seismic reactivation in 1992. The chemical composition of the plumes has been measured from May 2003 to September 2004 using an Open Path Fourier Transform InfraRed (OP-FTIR) spectrometer, up to 15 m downwind the South Crater. HCl is clearly detected (concentration between 2.4 and 12 ppmv) whereas SO₂ and H₂S generally remain below the detection limit of the OP-FTIR. Direct measurements of SO₂ and H₂S near the South Crater with a Lancom III analyzer show a fast decrease of their concentrations with the distance. Calculated Cl / S mass ratios are high: from 9.4 ± 1.7 at 15 m from the vent to 2.8 ± 0.6 at 140 m. The enrichment in HCl of the gas emitted at La Soufrière, observed since 1998, corresponds to the degassing of a magma enriched in Cl and depleted in S. This result agrees with isotopic measurements which suggest a magmatic origin of the gases. Readjustments inside the volcanic system may have taken place during the seismic activity beginning in 1992 and enhance the transfer of magmatic gases to the summit.     

松辽盆地北部火山岩CO2脱气参数及其对CO2资源量估算的意义

为了定量评价火山岩脱CO2气量的潜力，选择松辽盆地北部火山岩进行了低温脱气实验。将火山岩加热到250℃时，脱出挥发份总量为0.0299～0.0790ml/g；其中CO2脱出量为0.0218～0.0706 ml/g（0.429～1.387wt％）。脱挥发份总量与其中CO2量具有良好的正线性相关；挥发份以CO2气为主，其次是Ｎ2气，还伴有H2、CO、CH4等还原性气体，以及更少量的低碳烷烃；基性火山岩比中、酸性火山岩脱出CO2数量较多。火山岩吸附大量CO2气，成为充足气源，火山岩脱出的吸附气主要是辗转而来的深源气，火山岩成为探索幔源气成藏的主要源岩，尤其是基性火山岩。估算CO2资源量，可将250℃时火山岩挥发份含量作为岩石挥发份及残余CO2量的下限值，而全岩分析的总碳含量可作为CO2脱出量的上限值。     

云南马关地区新生代碧玄岩中地幔包体研究

自晚新生代以来,由于受印度-亚洲板块碰撞和青藏高原整体快速抬升的影响,在云南省东南的马关地区发育了大量新生代碱性火山岩.其中有的火山岩中含有丰富的地幔包体.本文提供了马关八寨碧玄岩和钾玄岩的2个全岩化学分析资料,以及石榴二辉橄榄岩、尖晶二辉橄榄岩、石榴辉石岩和石榴二辉岩包体的全岩化学和电子探针分析结果,采用矿物温压计获得各种地幔包体的平衡温压条件,建立了本区地幔地温线,并与世界典型大地构造单元的地温线进行了对比.研究表明,石榴石二辉橄榄岩的平衡温压为1209℃～1230℃和2.13～2.93CPa,石榴石二辉岩为1034℃～1095℃和1.69～2.35CPa,尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的平衡温压为944℃～1072℃和1.46～2.74GPa,其对应的深度分别为69～93km、55～75km和48～87km.因此尖晶石二辉橄榄岩与石榴二辉橄榄岩和石榴二辉岩共存,其间没有截然的界限,而是一种过渡关系.由包体平衡温压建立的上地幔地温线与华北地区地温线一样,位于澳大利亚克拉通东缘地温线与碱性玄武岩省地温线之间,但本区地温线显著高于华北地温线,与本区具有高于华北地区的大地热流值相吻合.这证明各种辉石岩和橄榄岩包体来自地幔.根据平衡压力反演的包体起源深度推测,含石榴石的二辉橄榄岩可能来源于岩石圈底部或软流圈.基于上述研究,结合高原及滇西地区新生代钾质岩浆活动时空结构的研究成果,提出马关地区新生代碱性岩浆活动和地幔包体的成因,与印度-欧亚大陆俯冲碰撞诱发的软流圈横向地幔流的活动有关.     

东天山小石头泉铜多金属矿区火山岩-次火山岩地球化学与成矿构造背景

小石头泉铜多金属矿位于新疆哈密市东北200km,在区域地质构造上处于东天山哈尔里克岛弧东段。本文主要对矿区火山岩的主量、微量元素及同位素组成进行测试和研究。含矿岩石以流纹斑岩、英安岩、英安斑岩为主,SiO_2含量为51.96%～72.58%,Na_2O K_2O 为3.1%～7.73%,计算里特曼指数σ<3.3,显示具有钙碱性岩的特征;稀土元素配分形式为轻稀土相对富集,其中英安岩 Eu 负异常比安山岩更为明显,说明源区有斜长石的残留或岩浆演化经历了结晶分异作用;微量元素具有典型的岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征,如 Ta、Nb、Ti 等元素较板内火山岩的明显亏损;岩石初始锶(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i 平均值为0.7043,εNd(t)为4.7,反映火山岩形成源区以幔源为主,混有部分壳源物质。以上岩石地球化学研究结果表明,该区火山岩形成于火山岛弧环境。通过与东天山大南湖岛弧火山岩对比,发现两地区的同时代火山岩地球化学属性存在一定差异,大南湖岛弧火山岩区以发育 Adakite 岩为特征,而哈尔里克岛弧缺少Adakite 岩,可能反映该区火山岩的形成与部分熔融的洋壳交代地幔楔有关。本文认为小石头泉地区为典型火山岛弧环境,有利于火山热液型多金属矿床的形成。     

满洲里新右旗火山岩剖面年代学和地球化学特征

满洲里新巴尔虎右旗地区发育大面积中生代火山岩,通过典型火山岩剖面研究,本文认为该地区火山岩主要为粗面安山岩、粗面岩和流纹岩组合;剖面下、中部粗安岩和流纹岩基质~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 坪年龄分别为162.6±0.7Ma 和162.0±0.8Ma,剖面上部粗安岩 SHRIMP 锆石 U-Pb 年龄为149.5±1.7Ma,表明满洲里新巴尔虎右旗地区火山岩形成于晚侏罗世,并可能存在两次火山喷发旋回,间隔大约10Ma。地球化学测试表明,该剖面中基性火山岩具有相似的地球化学特征,SiO_2含量介于56.23%～61.53%之间,具有较高的 Al_2O_3(15.38%～16.62%)、K_2O(2.72%～3.87%)和全碱(6.28～8.79),较低的MgO(0.91%～3.8%)和 Mg~#(0.10～0.32),为高钾钙碱性火山岩;稀土总量(∑REE)及 LREE 富集,LREE 和 HREE 分馏较强,Eu 异常不明显(δEu=0.72～0.90),富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),而亏损高场强元素(HFSE),尤其强烈亏损 Nb 和 Ta;(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i 变化范围为0.705078～0.705811,ε_(Nd)(t)值变化范围为-0.5～1.3。而剖面中部的流纹岩具有高 SiO_2(79.88%～80.46%)、相对低 MgO(0.04%)、FeO(0.26%)和 Al_2O_3(9.61%～10.17%)的特征,负 Eu 异常明显(δEu=0.32),富集 LILE而亏损 HFSE,Sr、Ti、Ba 和 P 强烈亏损,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i 变化范围为0.710044～0.713891,ε_(Nd)(t)值变化范围为-0.9～-0.7。本区剖面火山岩地球化学特征表明,下部和上部中基性火山岩因具有相似的地球化学特征,本文推测该类火山岩浆源于受早期俯冲洋壳流体交代的地幔楔或亏损地幔,粗面岩为中基性岩浆分离结晶的产物,流纹岩包含了大量的地壳物质,其成因可能与地壳混染或大陆中下地壳重融作用有关。结合前人资料,我们认为满洲里新巴尔虎右旗晚侏罗世火山岩形成于造山后阶段,是岩石圈伸展背景下被早期流体交代的岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融的产物。该区火山岩的形成与晚侏罗世蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合-造山后伸展作用有关。