磁法勘探在浙东南火山岩区的应用

浙东南火山岩地区的金属矿床与火山构造和隐伏岩体关系密切。笔者近年来在该地区开展了不少磁法工作,在圈定火山构造、隐伏岩体、划分断裂构造等方面取得较好效果,并结合地质资料指出了成矿有利的靶区。后续地质工作在多个靶区发现大量土壤异常,有力推进了区内矿产地质工作。认为在浙东南火山岩地区开展地质勘查时,可通过面积性磁法工作快速缩小找矿靶区,减少勘查风险,提高矿产地质工作效果。     

内蒙古大兴安岭地区火山岩型铅锌矿矿产预测

内蒙古自治区已发现的火山岩型铅锌矿(陆相)规模较大,集中分布于大兴安岭地区,与中晚侏罗世火山活动联系密切,已知矿床的深部及外围找矿潜力巨大。依据前人的地质、矿产、物探、化探等资料,采用"火山岩型"预测方法类型,分别以比利亚谷铅锌矿、甲乌拉铅锌矿和扎木钦铅锌矿作为典型矿床,在全区选取比利亚谷、甲乌拉和扎木钦3个预测工作区进行矿产预测。圈定铅锌矿最小预测区109个,其中A级最小预测区18个,B级最小预测区37个,C级最小预测区54个。预测334-1级别Pb+Zn总资源量1732548t,334-2级别Pb+Zn总资源量588930t,334-3级别Pb+Zn总资源量4608682t。可利用的Pb+Zn总资源量为3179267t。反映内蒙古大兴安岭地区中生代火山岩型铅锌矿(陆相)找矿潜力较大。     

青龙-建昌地区中生代火山岩地球化学特征及岩石成因

青龙-建昌地区的中生代火山岩地层主要有髫髻山组(兰旗组)和义县组。髫髻山组粗安岩富碱高钠、低镁含量;稀土元素总量不高[∑REE=(110.93~169.79)×10~(-6)],轻重稀土分馏明显[(La_N/Yb_N)=13.52~24.46],具有弱的负铕异常或正异常(δEu=0.96~1.15);富集大离子亲石元素Ba、K、Sr,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti;高Sr含量[(682~1065)×10~(-6)]和Sr/Y值(49~74),低Y[(9.1~17.9)×10~(-6)]和Yb含量[(0.79~1.74)×10~(-6)],显示为埃达克岩的地球化学特征。义县组粗安玢岩与髫髻山组粗安岩具有相似的稀土和微量元素特征,但低Sr、高Y和Yb含量,为非埃达克质岩石。义县组酸性火山岩高硅富碱、低钙铁镁含量;强烈亏损Sr、P、Eu,为斜长石和磷灰石结晶分异的结果。通过与邻区(沽源-红山子)张家口组产铀火山岩的岩石组合、地球化学等特征进行对比分析,认为研究区具有良好的铀成矿前景。     

高分辨率天绘卫星数据遥感地质应用研究

天绘卫星是我国新发射的卫星,有蓝色、红色、绿色、近红外4个波段,空间分辨率为10m,可以完成遥感地质应用。笔者选择新疆雪米斯坦火山岩带西段作为研究区,利用天绘卫星数据进行了地质研究,包括各类火山岩层的识别和划分、断层识别、含铁蚀变矿物的提取等,并进行了野外地质验证。研究表明,天绘卫星遥感数据能够很好识别出多种火山岩成矿要素,在地质找矿领域具有很好的应用潜力。     

徐家围子断陷火山岩储层裂缝发育特征及主控因素

徐家围子断陷火山岩储集物性明显受裂缝发育程度的影响。根据相似露头区野外调查、岩心观测以及铸体薄片和成像测井分析等资料,并结合应力场数值模拟技术,对该区火山岩储层裂缝的类型、走向、倾角、长度、密度、充填性以及影响裂缝发育程度的主控因素进行了分析。结果表明,研究区火山岩裂缝主要以构造剪切裂缝为主,其次为成岩裂缝;主要发育近东西向、近南北向、近北东向和近北西向4组裂缝;裂缝多为有效裂缝,很少被充填;以高角度和斜交裂缝为主,长度和密度变化较大。影响该火山岩储层裂缝发育程度的主控因素包括古构造应力、岩性、火山机构和断层等,其中古构造应力的高值区与裂缝较发育部位具有良好的匹配关系;在多种火山岩中,粗面岩、集块岩和流纹岩裂缝较发育;裂缝多发育在火山口和近火山口相组;在应力扰动作用明显的断层上盘裂缝较发育,且随着与断层距离的增大,裂缝发育程度不断降低。     

黄土地层中奇异微颗粒的发现与初步研究

通过蓝田段家坡黄土和红粘土剖面与第四纪3次巨大撞击事件年代相应的地层内奇异微颗粒的研究,将其划分为5种不同的形态类型,并主要据化学成分,将5类奇异微颗粒归纳为撞击、火山和生物等3种成因类型。文中还提出综合成因模式来解释不同奇异微颗粒赋存于同一撞击事件时段的地层及它们所显示的因果联系。     

Comparison of volcanic rifts on La Palma and El Hierro, Canary Islands and the Island of Hawaii

The meso-scale (km) morphology of the well-studied volcanic rift zones on the Island of Hawaii is compared to the morphology of the lesser known rift zones of La Palma and El Hierro, Canary Islands. We find that there are both differences and similarities in their morphologic characteristics. In general, the rift zones on La Palma and El Hierro are shorter (a few tens of km in length) than those on Hawaii (ranging up to >100 km in length), perhaps reflecting both magma supply and composition. Many of the rift zones on Hawaii have well defined axial zones, both on-and offshore. In contrast, the rift zones on La Palma and El Hierro display various geometries ranging from linear ridges having smooth to irregular crests to structures with a broad fan-like morphology in plan view. The pronounced fanning may be a reflection of: 1) the stress field within the rift being insufficient to trap dikes within a narrow region, 2) dike injection and volcanism shifting laterally through time, 3) volcanoes building nearly one atop of another in the Canary Islands, superimposing the stress field of one structure on the other and thus yielding a more complex distribution of gravitational stresses, and 4) low rate of magma supply producing low magma pressures and thus randomly oriented dike injections. Irregularities and curvature along the axes of the rifts on La Palma and El Hierro may be a reflection of differences in the rate of magma production. Unlike the volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii there may be insufficient volumes of lavas erupted on La Palma and El Hierro to smooth out irregularities. The superposition of rifts from different volcanoes may also add to topographic irregularities in the Canary Islands, especially if eruption rates are low.     

The ocean/continent transition along a profile through the Lofoten basin,Northern Norway

The Cenozoic margins of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea offer ideal conditions for passive margin studies. A series of structural elements, first observed on these margins, led to the concept of volcanic passive margins. Questions still remain about the development of such features and the location of the boundary between oceanic and continental crust. Despite the thin sediment cover of the margins, seismic reflection data are not able to image the deeper structures due to the occurrence of igneous rocks at shallow depth.This paper presents a 320-km long profile perpendicular to the strike of the main structural units of the Lofoten Margin in Northern Norway. A geological model is proposed, based on observations made with ocean bottom seismographs, which recorded seismic refraction data and wide angle reflections, along with a seismic reflection profile covering the same area. Ray-tracing was used to calculate a geophysical model from the shelf area into the Lofoten basin. The structures typical of a volcanic passive margin were found, showing that the Lofoten Margin was influenced by increased volcanic activity during its evolution. The ocean/continent transition is located in a 30-km wide zone landwards of the Vøring Plateau escarpment.The whole margin is underlain by a possibly underplated, high velocity layer. Evidence for a pre-rift sediment basin landwards of the escarpment, overlain by basalt flows, was seen. These structural features, related to extensive volcanism on the Lofoten Margin, are not as distinct as further south along the Norwegian Margin. Viewed in the light of the hot-spot theory of White and McKenzie (1989) the Lofoten Margin can be interpreted as a transitional type between volcanic and non-volcanic passive margin.     

一门新兴的边缘科学——火山岩储层地质学

石油工业持续稳定的发展要求不断有效地寻找勘探新领域、新地区和新类型。随着国内外火山岩油气藏的发现，火山岩储层作为一种特殊的油气储层类型越来越受人们的重视。20世纪90年代末期，石油地质学中出现了一门生命力很强的边缘学科——火山岩储层地质学，其任务是深入研究火山岩油气储层的宏观展布、内部结构、储层参数分布、孔隙结构等特征以及在火山岩油气田开发过程中储层参数的动态变化特征，为油气田勘探和开发服务。其研究内容包括储层地质特征、储层物理性质及储层非均质性、储层孔隙类型与空隙结构、孔隙演化模式及其控制因素、储层地质模型、储层敏感性、储层预测与储层综合评价7个方面。     

MINERALOGY OF COASTAL DEPOSITS OF NORTH-WESTERN SEA OF JAPAN

Distribution of heavy, light and clay minerals in Late Pleistocene—Holocene deposits from different coastal environments (beaches, lagoons, dunes, relict lakes, ria bays and inlets, open inlets) was analysed. It was established that mineralogical composition of coastal deposits was a result of provenance and its hypergenous changes, transformation of material within transit zone, and accumulative conditions of inshore zone. Contents of stable minerals increase in deposits of the inlets confined to mouths of the small streams and in horizons of the sections, formed during regressive phases. Unstable minerals amount is higher in deposits of inlets, confined to mouths of the large river. The clay mineral fraction of shelf sediments consists mostly of illite. Authigenous pyrites dominate in deposits of ria bays, lagoons and relict lakes, formed during transgressive phases. Volcanic glass, found in deposits, is product of Holocene eruptions of Baegdusan (Baitushen) Volcano.