Contribution of syncollisional felsic magmatism to continental crust growth: A case study of the Paleogene Linzizong volcanic Succession in southern Tibet

The Linzizong volcanic succession (~ 65–45 Ma) and the coeval batholiths (~ 60−40 Ma) of andesitic to rhyolitic composition represent a magmatic response to the India–Asia continental collision that began at ~ 70–65 Ma and ended at ~ 45–40 Ma with convergence continuing to present. These syncollisional felsic magmatic rocks are widely distributed along much of the > 1500 km long Gangdese Belt immediately north of the India–Asia suture (Yarlung–Zangbo) in southern Tibet. Our study of the Linzizong volcanic rocks from the Linzhou Basin (near Lhasa) suggests that syncollisional felsic magmatism may in fact account for much of the net contribution to continental crust growth. These volcanic rocks show a first-order temporal change from the andesitic lower Dianzhong Formation (64.4–60.6 Ma), to the dacitic middle Nianbo Formation (~ 54 Ma), and to the rhyolitic upper Pana Formation (48.7–43.9 Ma). The three formations show no systematic but overlapping Nd–Sr isotope variations. The isotopically depleted samples with ε_Nd(t) > 0 indicate that their primary sources are of mantle origin. The best source candidate in the broad context of Tethyan ocean closing and India–Asia collision is the remaining part of the Tethyan ocean crust. This ocean crust melts when reaching its hydrous solidus during and soon after the collision in the amphibolite facies, producing andesitic melts parental to the Linzizong volcanic succession (and the coeval batholiths) with inherited mantle isotopic signatures. Ilmenite as a residual phase (plus the effect of residual amphibole) of amphibolite melting accounts for the depletion of Nb, Ta and Ti in the melt. The effect of ocean crust alteration plus involvement of mature crustal materials (e.g., recycled terrigeneous sediments) enhances the abundances of Ba, Rb, Th, U, K and Pb in the melt, thus giving the rocks an “arc-like” geochemical signature. Residual amphibole that possesses super-chondritic Nb/Ta ratio explains the sub-chondritic Nb/Ta ratio in the melt; residual plagioclase explains the slightly depleted, not enriched, Sr (and Eu) in the melt, typical of continental crust. These observations and reasoning plus the remarkable compositional similarity between the andesitic lower Dianzhong Formation and the model bulk continental crust corroborates our proposal that continental collision zones may be sites of net crustal growth (juvenile crust) through process of syncollisional felsic magmatism. While these interpretations are reasonable in terms of straightforward petrology, geochemistry and tectonics, they require further testing.     

内蒙古突泉县莲花山银铜矿床成矿地质背景探讨

文章通过对莲花山银铜矿床与成矿关系较密切的次火山岩的岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素和同位素分析,对该矿床的成矿地质背景进行了探讨;认为莲花山银铜矿床是在太平洋板块向亚洲大陆板块俯冲下产生的弧后引张区,由来源于上地幔或下地壳的深源钙碱性岩浆多次上侵,在相对封闭的还原环境下形成的中高温热液矿床.     

Geochronology of Pliocene volcanism in the Dzhavakheti Highland (the Lesser Caucasus). Part 2: Eastern part of the Dzhavakheti Highland. Regional geological correlation

The results of isotopic-geochronological study of the Pliocene volcanic rocks in reference sections and volcanic edifices of eastern part of the Dzhavakheti Highland (the northwestern Lesser Caucasus) are considered. The isotopic-geochronological data obtained here are correlated with data on western part of the Dzhavakheti Highland, which have been considered in previous part of this work. Based on correlation, time spans of principal volcanic events of the Pliocene in the study region as a whole are determined, and general trends of the young magmatism evolution within the region are established. In sum, the isotopic-geochronological dates evidence that the Pliocene magmatism of the Dzhavakheti Highland developed practically without essential breaks during the period of about 2 Ma long, from 3.75 to 1.75–1.55 Ma ago. The areal basic volcanism that was most widespread at that time is divisible into five discrete phases according to the isotopic dates obtained. Comparatively short pauses, which separated these phases of magmatic activity, were a few hundreds thousand years long, not more. Chemical composition of moderately acidic to silicic volcanics, which are of a limited distribution in the Dzhavakheti Highland, and their age relations with basic lavas of the region suggest that they are most likely the differentiation products of parental basic mantle-derived magmas. The analyzed distribution of volcanic centers, which erupted basic lavas of the Dzhavakheti Highland, evidence that first two phases of basic magmatism were connected here with volcanic activity in southwestern part of the region (northern termination of the Egnakhag Ridge), whereas activity of volcanoes situated on the east, predominantly in water-shed part and on slopes of the submeridional Dzhavakheti Ridge, controlled development of the third and fourth phases. Consequently, magmatic activity of the Pliocene stage in history of the Neogene-Quaternary magmatism of the Dzhavakheti Highland laterally migrated from the west to the east, being controlled by development of regional submeridional extension zones. Volcanic ridges marking the latter are formed by volcanic edifices, which are amalgamated at their bases and have erupted lavas of close age and composition. The migration of volcanic activity can be described in terms of the “domino effect,” when cessation of volcanism in one zone led to formation of the other submeridional zone of extension and magmatic activity displaced from the west eastward in sublatitudinal direction. In general, evolution of the Pliocene magmatism of the Dzhavakheti Highland, was similar, despite the essential regional peculiarities, to the generalized trend of magmatism evolution in the continental rifts and intraplate zones of the “hot-spot” type.     

庆深气田火山岩地层三个压力预测技术研究

地层孔隙压力、破裂压力和坍塌压力是合理确定井身结构、钻井液密度和固井完井方案的基本依据,是钻井工程设计的一项重要内容。分析了火山岩地层的压力预测技术,首次将国外先进的岩石力学理论应用于庆深气田火山岩地层,建立了3个压力预测模型,针对模型和庆深气田火山岩地层特性提出了新的修正方法;编制了庆深气田火山岩地层3个压力预测软件,该模型软件精度满足现场施工要求,为大庆地区钻井工程设计提供了参考。     

南秦岭元古宙板内火山作用特征及构造意义

南秦岭元古宙火山岩主要由两大类岩石构成，一类为SiO245%-57%的基性火山岩系，另一类为SiO267%-78%的酸性火山岩系，主要岩石类型为细碧岩、玄武岩和石英角班岩、流纹岩。基性火山岩整体上属拉斑玄武岩系列，酸性火山岩属钙碱系列。火山岩强烈富集稀土元素，尤其是轻稀土元素，酸性火山岩和基性火山岩有相似的稀土元素特征，显示了源区特征的不同。基性火山岩富集强不相容元素，相对亏损Nb和Ti, 成于大陆裂谷环境，具有大陆拉斑玄武岩的特征。同位素特征表明基性火山作用与地幔柱活动密切相关。南秦岭的中、晚元古代大陆拉张及由古地幔柱活动所引发的陆裂火山岩浆活动是古秦岭洋打开的先兆。     

新疆鄯善县石英滩金矿床地质特征及控矿因素

通过对石英滩金矿床区域地质背景、矿体产出形态、矿石特征、成矿控制因素的研究，认为矿床成因类型应属浅成低温火山热液型金矿床。     

火山岩和相关侵入岩地区金矿的形成机制——内外多元耦合-四维局部富

主要讨论火山岩和相关侵入岩地区金矿的形成机制问题．把整个成矿系统分为成矿热流体体系和控矿环境两部分．把热流体分为近地表和高侵位两类岩浆－热流体体系；把控矿环境划分为火山中心、高侵位岩体和复合在其上的构造破碎带等６类控矿系统，全面分析了各类控矿系统内具有共性特征的物质－能量综合场，指出金矿的形成过程也是成矿热流体体系与控矿环境之间进行物质、能量交换的过程；金的局部富集不仅取决于体系与环境之间、体系内部各因素之间和外部各控矿条件之间的耦合程度，而且也与金元素大范围、长时间充分补给和小范围局部富集的时、空条件有关．作者把这套认识概括为“内外多元耦合、四维局部富集”的成矿机制     

内蒙古东升庙矿区狼山群中变质"双峰式”火山岩夹层的确认及其意义

东升庙矿床狼山群二组含矿地层中石英钠长浅（变）粒岩类（Ⅰ类，ｗ（ＳｉＯ２）＝７０．４７％～７３．０２％）、黑云钠—更长片岩类（Ⅱ１类，ｗ（ＳｉＯ２）＝５２．００％～５４．４３％）和钠—更长绿泥（角闪）片岩类（Ⅱ２类，ｗ（ＳｉＯ２）＝４７．４４％～４８．８６％）具如下特征：（１）稳定呈层产出，并与上、下相邻地层一道褶皱、变形；（２）含有变余斑晶和晶屑；（３）轻稀土元素富集，重稀土元素亏损；（４）多种岩石化学图解一致表明它们是正变质岩；（５）Ⅰ类与Ⅱ１类呈上、下层关系连续产出等特征，确认它们都是变质火山岩夹层，并具有“双峰式”组合．研究表明本矿床形成于元古宙大陆边缘的裂谷盆地．     

Geochemistry of Archaean volcanic rocks from Iron Ore Supergroup, Singhbhum, eastern India

Mafic-ultramafic rocks of Archaean age constitute a significant component of the Eastern Indian Craton. These occur in two different modes. In the eastern belt these occur as a long, linear enclave within the Singhbhum granite and the primary banding in them is subvertical. In the more extensive western belt along the periphery of the Singhbhum granite, the disposition of the primary banding is subhorizontal. The major rock type in both the belts is meta-basalt with minor peridotitic komatiite and basaltic komatiite occurring in the eastern belt. Rare ultramafic rocks with cumulate textures are present in both the belts. The larger volume of the basaltic rocks preclude the possibility of their being derived by fractional crystallization of the high-MgO components. On the basis of trace element and REE characters the rocks may be classified into three groups. One of the groups shows a tholeiitic trend and include samples mostly from the eastern belt while the second consisting mostly of samples from the western belt shows a calc-alkaline trend. The third group includes samples having elemental ratios intermediate between these two groups. Zr/Nb ratios for the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline samples are different suggesting their sources to be different. The tholeiitic samples have been generated from a source having chondritic REE characters, while the calc-alkaline samples have been generated from a source with LREE enriched character. The high-MgO components in both the groups are suggested to represent high degrees of melting compared to the basalts in each group. It is further suggested that the tholeiitic basalts have been generated relatively early from a chondritic source. Down-buckling of this material has added LREE enriched melts to the source, thereby changing its character into a LREE enriched one. Melting of a source with such changed character has subsequently produced the calc-alkaline melts. Rocks with variable but intermediate characters between these two groups have been generated as a result of contamination between these two groups.     

陕西秦巴火山岩的分布特征及其与成矿的关系

陕西秦巴区元古宙和早古生代火山活动强烈,火山岩发育。经研究,其火山岩形成机制,多与裂谷构造有关。这些火山岩中与之相关的矿产有钼、铼、钨、金、铅、银、锌、铜、铁、金红石及有关的非金属矿等。本文从该区火山岩的特征出发,分析其所产出的大地构造环境,并探讨火山岩与矿产之间的关系,最后提出进一步找矿的建议。