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21.
赣东北鹅湖岭组的再认识 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7
在分析赣东北鹅湖岭组及有关地层的地质特征、地层划分现状及产生分岐的原因的基础上,提出以岩性、岩相为划分依据,将鹅湖岭组与喷发相相对应,将其下界、上界分别置于沉积喷发相与喷发相、喷发相与喷发沉积相的相变界面上。从而将北京地质学院指定的打鼓顶组建组剖面上的"打鼓顶组"并入鹅湖岭组;将赣东北其它地区的鹅湖岭组下界由安山岩层顶界处上移至安山岩层之上灰绿色砂岩层的顶界处,将铅山一上饶一带鹅湖岭组上界下移至原鹅湖岭组上部的底界处。 相似文献
22.
The origin of accretionary lapilli 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Experimental investigations in a recirculating wind tunnel of the mechanisms of formation of accretionary lapilli have demonstrated that growth is controlled by collision of liquid-coated particles, due to differences in fall velocities, and binding as a result of surface tension forces and secondary mineral growth. The liquids present on particle surfaces in eruption plumes are acid solutions stable at 100% relative humidity, from which secondary minerals, e.g. calcium sulphate and sodium chloride, precipitate prior to impact of accretionary lapilli with the ground. Concentric grain-size zones within accretionary lapilli build up due to differences in the supply of particular particle sizes during aggregate growth. Accretionary lapilli do not evolve by scavenging of particles by liquid drops followed by evaporation — a process which, in wind tunnel experiments, generates horizontally layered hemispherical aggregates. Size analysis of particles in the wind tunnel air stream and particles adhering to growing aggregates demonstrate that the aggregation coefficient is highly grain-size dependent. Theoretical simulation of accretionary lapilli growth in eruption plumes predicts maximum sizes in the range 0.7–20 mm for ash cloud thicknesses of 0.5–10 km respectively. 相似文献
23.
Andrea Lami Frank Niessen Piero Guilizzoni Julieta Masaferro Claudio A. Belis 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1994,10(3):181-197
We use palaeolimnological techniques to reconstruct the eutrophication history of a volcanic lake (Lake Albano, central Italy) over the past three centuries. The presence of annual varves down to the bottom of the core (c. 1700 A.D.) indicated the lack of bioturbation and likely long-term meromixis. Sedimentation rates were estimated by varve counts (calcite/diatom couplets), indicating a mean rate of 0.15 cm yr–1. The reconstruction of eutrophication was traced using past populations of algal and photosynthetic bacteria (through their fossil pigment), and geochemistry, as well as fossil remains of chironomids. Phaeophorbidea and the red carotenoid astaxanthin were used to detect past zooplankton development.The first sign of trophic change related to human activities is datedc. 1870 A.D. From that period onward a sharp increase of authigenic CaCO3, nitrogen, N:P ratio, and dinoxanthin, a characteristic carotenoid of Chrysophyceae and Dinophyceae, is observed.Chironomid analyses showed the near absence of a deep water fauna throughout the core length. The populations of chironomid larvae are restricted to oxygenated littoral zones. In fact, the few fossil remains found are primarily of littoral origin, representing shallow water midges that were transported to profundal waters. The reduction of total chironomid in the uppermost layers of the core is to be related to human land uses. 相似文献
24.
M. T. Mangan C. C. Heliker T. N. Mattox J. P. Kauahikaua R. T. Helz 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1995,57(2):127-135
The Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption (1983-present) is the longest lived rift eruption of either Kilauea or neighboring Mauna Loa in recorded history. The initial fissure opening in January 1983 was followed by three years of episodic fire fountaining at the Pu'u 'O'o vent on Kilauea's east rift zone 19km from the summit (episodes 4–47). These spectacular events gave way in July 1986 to five and a half years of nearcontinuous, low-level effusion from the Kupaianaha vent, 3km to the cast (episode 48). A 49th episode began in November 1991 with the opening of a new fissure between Pu'u 'O'o and Kupaianaha. this three week long outburst heralded an era of more erratic eruptive behavior characterized by the shut down of Kupaianaha in February 1992 and subsequent intermittent eruption from vents on the west flank of Pu'u 'O'o (episodes 50 and 51). The events occurring over this period are due to progressive shrinkage of the rift-zone reservoir beneath the eruption site, and had limited impact on eruption temperatures and lava composition. 相似文献
25.
Ben J. Williamson Claire J. Horwell 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):224-225
A link between the inhalation of respirable silicas (SiO2) and respiratory diseases such as silicosis is widely recognized. Ash from dome collapse eruptions on Montserrat has been found to contain high levels (〉20%) of silicas in the form of cristobalite, tridymite, quartz and/or amorphous silica. The toxicity of these silica polymorphs varies widely. Cristobalite and quartz (tridymite less well established) are viewed as carcinogenic to humans whereas amorphous silica generally shows a reduced biological response. In assessing the potential health effects of volcanic ash particulates it is vital to determine the types and concentration of silicas as well as their size (respirable fraction), shape and surface properties. The aim of this study is to develop methods to assess potentially toxic respirable airborne silicas in the dome collapse ash (applicable to a range of ash types) and to develop a model to predict the levels and types of respirable silicas from future eruptions. The model is being developed by comparing dome rock with related ash from a series of previous eruption events. Mineralogical assessment using conventional scanning X-ray diffraction (XRD) was hampered by difficulties in differentiating characteristic peaks for cristobalite and tridymite in complex multi-component ash samples (containing high levels of plagioclase). These difficulties have been largely overcome using an Enraf-Nonius PDS120 diffractometer with curved (120 degrees 20) position sensitive detector (PSD). The determination of size, shape and elemental characteristics of ash particulate and dome rock samples has been carried out using automated analytical scanning electron microscopy. The quantification of mineral proportions using PSD-XRD was highly successful with an accuracy of 1 to 2 wt%. However, the determination of phase proportions using automated analytical SEM was problematic due to scattering effects and the multiphase nature of many of the particles. 相似文献
26.
Application of the QUILF thermobarometer to the peralkaline trachytes and pantellerites of the Eburru volcanic complex, East African Rift, Kenya 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Minghua Ren Peter A. Omenda Elizabeth Y. Anthony John C. White Ray Macdonald D.K. Bailey 《Lithos》2006,91(1-4):109-124
The Quaternary Eburru volcanic complex in the south-central Kenya Rift consists of pantelleritic trachytes and pantellerites. The phenocryst assemblage in the trachytes is sanidine + fayalite + ferrohedenbergite + aenigmatite ± quartz ± ilmenite ± magnetite ± pyrrhotite ± pyrite. In the pantellerites, the assemblage is sanidine + quartz + ferrohedenbergite + fayalite + aenigmatite + ferrorichterite + pyrrhotite ± apatite, although fayalite, ferrohedenbergite and ilmenite are absent from more evolved rocks (e.g. with SiO2 > 71%). QUILF temperature calculations for the trachytes range from 709 to 793 °C and for the pantellerites 668–708 °C, the latter temperatures being among the lowest recorded for peralkaline silicic magmas. The QUILF thermobarometer demonstrates that the Eburru magmas crystallized at relatively low oxidation states (ΔFMQ + 0.5 to − 1.6) for both trachytes and pantellerites. The trachytes and pantellerites evolved along separate liquid lines of descent, the trachytes possibly deriving from a more mafic parent by fractional crystallization and the pantellerites from extreme fractionation of comenditic magmas. 相似文献
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29.
吐拉苏火山盆地中与金成矿有关的热液富含K^+、Na^+、F、SO4^2-和N2、O2等,是一种主要来源于岩浆.火山的热液,有大气水参于的次生热液.平均均一温度96~158℃,平均盐度0.26%~1.08%,热液活动深度0.26~0.67km,具有低温、低盐度、在地壳浅部活动的基本特征.热液活动生成围绕金矿体由内向外环状展布的黄英岩化、高级泥化、泥化和绿泥石碳酸盐化4个围岩蚀变带.与其有关的金成矿期分为原生沉积富集和次生热液交代蚀变2期,后者包括毒砂黄铁矿化、面状硅化、脉状硅化和绿泥石碳酸盐化4个成矿阶段.金富集成矿主要与黄英岩化蚀变带和面状硅化、脉状硅化2个成矿阶段密切相关. 相似文献
30.
白云鄂博碳酸岩型REE-Nb-Fe矿床——一个罕见的中元古代破火山机构成岩成矿实例 总被引:16,自引:4,他引:16
白云鄂博碳酸岩型REE-Nb-Fe矿床是世界上最大的稀土矿床。稀土矿石产于整个白云石碳酸岩体和部分脉状碳酸岩中。对比世界上20余个火成碳酸岩地区的特征后发现,白云鄂博地区完全具备国外火成碳酸岩区的地质特征。在岩石、矿石组合上,本区也发育一套碳酸岩+超基性岩+碱性基性岩(含基性熔岩)+碱性岩+稀土矿石+铁矿石组合;在矿物组合上,以白云石为主,方解石次之,伴生一套碱性闪石、长石、霓石、磷灰石、萤石、磁铁矿、稀土矿物组合;在全岩化学成分、微量元素、稀土元素和Sr、Nd、Pb、C、O同位素上,这些岩石具有一定的亲缘关系,有着共同的来源;在岩体的形态与岩石组构上,它们以岩席、岩筒和脉岩的形式出现,并发育有强烈的熔离作用与流动构造;在区域构造上,发育隐伏穹窿构造、岩筒构造和巨型断裂汇聚构造。综合分析上述特征表明:白云鄂博地区具有中元古代破火山机构的痕迹,赋矿白云石碳酸岩体则是顺层侵入的火成碳酸岩体,东矿、主矿可能是一个火山颈构造控矿,而赋矿白云石碳酸岩体西南侧的苏木图矿床则是隐伏岩筒构造控矿。 相似文献