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701.
P. Martano D. Cava G. Mastrantonio S. Argentini A. Viola 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,115(1):85-103
Nocturnal convection, originating in a well-mixed marine cloud-topped boundary layer, advected onshore, was observed using a Doppler sodar on the Tyrrhenian coast in Italy. The horizontal and vertical dimensions of the downdrafts were evaluated. The oscillation frequency triggered by the downdrafts at the inversion layer, derived from the harmonic analysis of the sodar measured vertical velocity (w), is compared with the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, obtained from the rawinsonde temperature profile. A similarity function for the 2w vertical profile was used to fit the sodar experimental data and to retrieve the depth of the mixing layer and the sensible heat flux at the top of the cloud layer. The results are in agreement with the convection layer depth observed in the sodar echoes facsimile record, and with the energy budget evaluated at the top of the cloud layer using the rawinsonde profiles. 相似文献
702.
S.?Argentini A.?Viola A.?M.?Sempreviva I.?PetenkoEmail author 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,115(3):409-422
Measurements of the mean and turbulent structure of the planetary boundary layer using a sodar and a sonic anemometer, and radiative measurements using a radiometer, were carried out in the summer of 1999–2000 at the Antarctic plateau station of Dome C during a two-month period. At Dome C strong ground-based inversions dominate for most of the year. However, in spite of the low surface temperatures (between −50 and −20 °C), and the surface always covered by snow and ice, a regular daytime boundary-layer evolution, similar to that observed at mid-latitudes, was observed during summertime. The mixed-layer height generally reaches 200–300 m at 1300–1400 LST in high summer (late December, early January); late in the summer (end of January to February), as the solar elevation decreases, it reduces to 100–200 m. A comparison between the mixed-layer height estimated from sodar measurements and that calculated using a mixed-layer growth model shows a rather satisfactory agreement if we assign a value of 0.01–0.02 m s−1 to the subsidence velocity at the top of the mixed layer, and a value of 0.003–0.004 K m−1 to the potential temperature gradient above the mixed layer. 相似文献
703.
Brian?Garvey Ian?P.?CastroEmail author Giles?Wiggs Joanna?Bullard 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,117(3):417-446
Wind-tunnel measurements of the flow over an isolated valley both normal and at an angle (45°) to a simulated neutrally stable
atmospheric boundary layer are presented. Attention is concentrated on the nature of the flow within the valley itself. The
work formed part of a wider study that included detailed field measurements around an African desert valley and some limited
comparisons with that work are included. A scale of about 1:1000 was used for the laboratory work, in which an appropriate
combination of hot wire and particle image velocimetry was employed. For a valley normal to the upwind flow, it is shown that
the upstream influence of the valley extends to a distance of at least one half of the axial valley width upstream of the
leading edge, whereas differences in mean flow and turbulence could be identified well beyond two valley widths from the downwind
edge. Non-normal wind angles lead to significant along-valley flows within the valley and, even at two valley heights above
the valley ridge level, there remains a significant spanwise flow component. Downwind turbulence levels are somewhat lower
in this case, but are still considerably higher than in the undisturbed boundary layer. At both flow angles, there are significant
recirculation regions within the valleys, starting from mean separation just beyond the leading edge, but the strong spanwise
flow in the 45° case reduces the axial extent of the separated zone. The flow is shown to be in some ways analogous to flow
over an isolated hill. Our results usefully enhance the field data and could be used to improve modelling of saltation processes
in the field. 相似文献
704.
Variance Method to Determine Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum And Sensible Heat in The Stable Atmospheric Surface Layer 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evidence is presented that in the stable atmospheric surface layer turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum can be determined
from the standard deviations of longitudinal wind velocity and temperature, σ u and σ T respectively, measured at a single level. An attractive aspect of this method is that it yields fluxes from measurements
that can be obtained with two-dimensional sonic anemometers. These instruments are increasingly being used at official weather
stations, where they replace the standard cup anemometer–wind vane system. With methods such as the one described in this
note, a widespread, good quality, flux network can be established, which would greatly benefit the modelling community. It
is shown that a ‘variance’ dimensionless height (ζ σ) defined from σ u and σ T is highly related to the ‘conventional’ dimensionless stability parameter ζ=z/L, where z is height and L is the Obukhov length. Empirical functions for ζ σ are proposed that allow direct calculation of heat and momentum fluxes from σ u and σ T. The method performs fairly well also during a night of intermittent turbulence. 相似文献
705.
W. Thomas T. Ruppert M. Van Roozendael J. Verdebout D. Balis C. Meleti C. Zerefos 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,50(3):295-320
We focus on the retrieval of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from an analysis of atmospheric UV backscatter spectra obtained by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) spectrometer on board the ESA European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2). Here, the last major eruptions of Mt. Etna on Sicily (Italy) in July/August 2001 and October/November 2002 provided an excellent opportunity to study the retrieval of SO2 columnar amounts from ground-based, LIDAR and satellite measurements. Our study shows that the bulk of emitted SO2 was confined in the troposphere, mainly between 700 hPa and 400 hPa which is confirmed by trajectory analysis, by LIDAR observations and AVHRR observations. The area of influence of Mt. Etna eruptions ranges from the Western Saharan Desert to Greece and the near east states and even down to the basin of Tschad, Africa. Our analysis revealed that information about the plume height of volcanic eruptions and aerosol parameters is necessary for a reliable quantitative retrieval of SO2 from space-borne sensor data at periods perturbed by volcanic eruptions. 相似文献
706.
PENG Runmin ZHAI Yusheng WANG Zhigang & HAN Xuefeng . Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Tectonics Lithoprobing Technology Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Beijing China . Inner Mongolia Geological Prospecting Institute Ministry of Chemical Industry Hohhot China Correspondences should be addressed to Peng Runmin 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(6):822-833
Since the mid-1980s,Tanyaokou large Zn-Cu-Fe sulfides deposit,located at the southwest end of Langshan-Zhaertaishan-Bayan Obo Mesoproterozoic metallogenic belt in the west section of the northern margin of the North China Platform[1?9](Fig.1),has been confirmed to be submarine volcanic exhalative-sedimentary metamorphosed deposit hosted in the miogeosynclinal mud-carbonaceous formation of the Langshan Group(LG)[1],or submarine volcanic exha-lative-deposition-altered deposit[2]or stratabo… 相似文献
707.
Our two newly obtained high-quality 40Ar/39Ar ages suggest that the high-K volcanic rocks of the Lawuxiang Formation in the Mangkang basin, Tibet were formed at 33.5
± 0.2 Ma. The tracing of elemental and Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic geochemistry indicates that they were derived from an EM2 enriched
mantle in continental subduction caused by transpression. Their evidently negative anomalies in HFSEs such as Nb and Ta make
clear that there is an input of continental material into the mantle source. The high-K rocks at 33.5 ± 0.2 Ma in the Mangkang
basin may temporally, spatially and compositionally compare with the early one of two-pulse high-K rocks in eastern Tibet
distinguished by Wang J. H. et al., implying that they were formed in the same tectonic setting. 相似文献
708.
Valentina?MontaldoEmail author Ezio?Faccioli Gaetano?Zonno Aybige?Akinci Luca?Malagnini 《Journal of Seismology》2005,9(3):295-316
In the framework of the 2004 reference seismic hazard map of Italy the amplitude of the strong-motion (expressed in terms
of Peak Horizontal Acceleration with 10% probability of non-exceedence in 50 years, referred to average hard ground conditions)
was computed using different predictive relationships. Equations derived in Italy and in Europe from strong-motion data, as
well as a set of weak and strong-motion based empirical predictive relationships were employed in a logic tree procedure,
in order to capture the epistemic uncertainty affecting ground-motion attenuation. This article describes the adjustments
and conversions required to eliminate the incompatibilities amongst the relations. Particularly significant are distance conversions
and style-of-faulting adjustments, as well as the problems related to the use of regional relations, such as the selection
of a reference depth, the quantification of random variability and the strong-motion prediction. Moreover, a regional attenuation
relationship specific for volcanic areas was also employed, allowing a more realistic evaluation of seismic hazard, as confirmed
by the attenuation of macroseismic intensities. 相似文献
709.
710.
M. Burša S. Kenyon J. Kouba Z. Šíma V. Vatrt V. Vítek M. Vojtíšková 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2005,49(1):13-22
Estimates of the second tesseral torque due to the variations in the radial space position of the mean ocean surface as monitored by TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter system are derived. The magnitude of the studied torque may be compared to the tidal torque and to the tesseral torque caused by deformations due to the Earths rotation. However, such torque estimates strongly depend on the thickness of the ocean surface layer adopted in the spherical model of which the dynamics is believed to be responsible for the derived torque. The dependence on the thickness is discussed. 相似文献