熔融包裹体研究的最新进展

介绍了获取结晶质熔融包裹体化学成分的最新方法,讨论了影响熔融包襄体化学成分的因素,并在前人研究资料基础上总结了各类岩浆熔体中H2O、CO2、Cl、F和S等主要挥发分含量及其演化趋势方面的信息.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定地下水中27种挥发性有机物

建立了DB-624和DB-FFAP双柱定性,吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定地下水中卤代烃、苯系物、氯代苯等27种挥发性有机物的分析方法。考虑到环境介质的复杂性及干扰的不确定性,选择DB-624柱和极性较强的DB-FFAP柱优化了分离条件;采用分流进样模式,确定了目标组分灵敏度较高时的分流比10∶1;选择离子监测(SIM)方式扫描,提高了各扫描周期内组分的灵敏度;DB-624和DB-FFAP双柱定性,确保了结果的准确性,在DB-FFAP柱上可实现间二甲苯和对二甲苯异构体的完全分离。方法检出限为0.02～0.10μg/L,基体加标回收率为93.3%～109.5%,精密度(RSD,n=7)为0.9%～8.5%。对外部监控样品和实际水样进行测定表明,方法准确,灵敏可靠,可以满足地下水中痕量挥发性有机物的分析要求,适合于批量样品分析。     

生物挥发性有机物研究进展

生物挥发性有机物(BVOCs)作为大气中的一种痕量气体,积极参与着大气中各类化学反应。植物BVOCs排放的影响机制,以及BVOCs与大气其他化学成分之间的反馈作用是目前全球变化研究的热点内容之一。描述了BVOCs的排放机理及其排放控制因子;综述了近年来BVOCs地表观测试验和计算方法的研究进展以及植被BVOCs排放的模拟研究现状,并对BVOCs研究的不足和发展趋势作了进一步讨论。     

An Atmospheric Chemistry Interpretation of Mass Scans Obtained from a Proton Transfer Mass Spectrometer Flown over the Tropical Rainforest of Surinam

Data on a variety of organic gases are presented, obtained with a protontransfer mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) operated during the March 1998 LBA/CLAIREairborne measurement campaign, between 60 and 12500 m over the rainforest inSurinam (2° N–5° N, 54° W–57° W). The instrumentcan detect molecules with a proton affinity greater than water, includingalkenes, dialkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, and nitriles. Many such molecules areemitted from the rainforest (e.g., isoprene) or formed from the oxidation ofprimary emissions (e.g., methylvinylketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR)).From a comparison with modelled data; the variation with altitude; previouslyreported biogenic emissions and the time and location of the measurement,possible and probable identities for the significant masses encountered in therange 33–140 amu have been deduced.The main observed protonated masses, postulated identities and observedaverage boundary layer mixing ratios over the rainforest were: 33 methanol(1.1 nmol/mol); 42 acetonitrile (190 pmol/mol); 43 multiple possibilities (5.9nmol/mol), 45 acetaldehyde (1.7 nmol/mol), 47 formic acid (not quantified);59 acetone (2.9 nmol/mol), 61 acetic acid (not quantified), 63 dimethylsulphide (DMS) (289 pmol/mol), 69 isoprene (1.7 nmol/mol), 71 MVK + MACR (1.3nmol/mol), 73 methyl ethyl ketone (1.8 nmol/mol), 75 hydroxyacetone (606pmol/mol), 83 C₅ isoprene hydroxy carbonylsC₅H₈O₂, methyl furan, and cis 3-hexen-1-ol(732 pmol/mol), 87 C₅ carbonyls and methacrylic acid, 95 possibly2-vinyl furan (656 pmol/mol), 97 unknown (305 pmol/mol), 99 cis hexenal (512pmol/mol) and 101 isoprene C₅ hydroperoxides (575 pmol/mol). Somespecies agreed well with those derived from an isoprene only photochemicalmodel (e.g., mass 71 MVK + MACR) while others did not and were observed athigher than previously reported mixing ratios (e.g., mass 59 acetone, mass 63DMS). Monoterpenes were not detected above the detection limit of 300pmol/mol. Several species postulated are potentially important sources ofHO_x in the free troposphere, e.g., methanol, acetone, methyl ethylketone, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein.     

春季长江口及其邻近海域海水和大气中CH3I、CH2Br2和CHBr3的浓度分布与海-气通量

测定了2018年春季长江口及其邻近海域海水和大气中碘甲烷(Iodomethane,CH₃I)、二溴甲烷(Dibromomethane,CH₂Br₂)和溴仿(Tribromomethane,CHBr₃)的浓度,研究其在海水和大气中的浓度分布特征,探讨了环境因素对其源汇和浓度分布的影响。调查海域海水中CH₃I、CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃的浓度分别为(5.76±2.50)、(5.38±3.31)和(4.65±3.50)pmol·L^-1,总体呈现出近岸高,远岸低的趋势。调查海域CH₃I的浓度分布受浮游植物的影响显著;CH₂Br₂的分布是多种因素共同作用的结果,其中人为输入是影响CH₂Br₂浓度分布的重要因素之一;CHBr₃的浓度分布受人为输入和浮游植物产生释放的共同影响。垂直方向上,海水上下混合比较均匀,受长江冲淡水和沉积物释放的影响,CH₃I、CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃在表层和底层都观测到浓度高值。大气中CH₃I、CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃浓度分别是(1.06±0.77)、(1.72±1.22)和(1.97±2.12)pptv,总体上呈现近岸高于远岸的趋势,人为排放、海-气交换和气团活动共同影响了大气中挥发性卤代烃(Volatile halocarbons,VHCs)的浓度分布,大气中的CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃存在多种来源,不同来源之间CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃排放比率存在较大差异。CH₃I、CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃的海-气通量分别为(50.21±45.47)、(-1.76±77.43)和(-37.65±87.07)nmol·(m²·d)^-1,表明调查期间长江口及其邻近海域是CH₃I的源,同时也是CHBr₃和CH₂Br₂的汇。     

挥发性毒物水气耦合扩散模型

挥发性毒物泄漏进入天然水体造成水污染,因其挥发又造成空气污染。为反映水污染与空气污染的耦合影响,以体积比函数方法建立的体现气液交界面流动的水气动力学模型为基础,根据挥发作用中的双膜理论,利用量纲一亨利常数,建立挥发性毒物水气耦合扩散模型,以描述毒物在水体、空气及气液交界面的迁移过程。对挥发性毒物泄漏实例和水气交换实验进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实测结果较吻合。同时,还分析了水流湍动、风速及量纲一亨利常数对挥发性毒物在气液交界面上传质过程的影响。     

Assessment of the impact of biogenic VOC emissions in a high ozone episode via integrated remote sensing and the CMAQ model

In many metropolitan regions, natural sources contribute a substantial fraction of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. These biogenic VOC emissions are precursors to tropospheric Ozone (O₃) formation. Because forests make up 59% of the land area in Taiwan Province, China, the biogenic VOC emissions from forests and farmland could play an important role in photochemical reactions. On the other hand, anthropogenic emissions might also be one of the major inputs for ground level O₃ concentrations. Hence, emission inventory data, grouped as point, area, mobile and biogenic VOC sources, are a composite of reported and estimated pollutant emission information and are used by many air quality models to simulate ground level O₃ concentrations. Before using relevant air quality models, the emission inventory data generally require huge amounts of processing for spatial, temporal, and species congruence with respect to the associated air quality modeling work. The fist part of this research applied satellite remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) analyses to characterize land use/land cover (LULC) patterns, integrating various sources of anthropogenic emissions and biogenic emissions associated with a variety of plant species. To investigate the significance of biogenic VOC emissions on ozone formation, meteorological and air quality modeling were then employed to generate hourly ozone estimates for a case study of a high ozone episode in southern Taiwan, which is the leading industrial hub on the island. To enhance the modeling accuracy, a unique software module, SMOKE, was set up for emission processing to prepare emission inputs for the U.S. EPA’s Models-3/CMAQ. An emission inventory of Taiwan, TEDS 4.2, was used as the anthropogenic emission inventory. Biogenic emission modeling was accomplished by BEIS-2 in SMOKE, with improvement of local LULC data and revised emission factors. Research findings show that the majority of biogenic VOC emissions occur in the mountainous areas and farmlands. However, the modeling outputs show that downwind of the most heavily populated and industrialized areas, these biogenic VOC emissions have less impact on air quality than do anthropogenic emissions.     

长江口吴淞-浏河滨岸带沉积物AVS和SEM含量的空间分布特征

对长江口吴淞-浏河滨岸带37个站位沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）和同时可提取态重金属（SEM）含量及其空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,SEM在37个站位沉积物中浓度范围为0．20～1．37μmol／g,平均值为0．74μmol／g;AVS的浓度范围为0．20—0．80μmol／g,平均值为0．23μmol／g;沉积物中AVS含量与总有机碳（TOC）和含水率呈显著正相关关系,而SEM分别与TOC和含水率呈显著正相关关系,与沉积物中值粒径呈显著负相关关系。依据SEM／AVS比值评价方法以及美国EPA（SEM—AVS）差值评价方法对沉积物中重金属的生物有效性的判断表明,除了B2站点无显著生物毒性外,吴淞-浏河滨岸带沉积物中重金属对水生生物均处于中等毒性水平。     

水体中挥发酚测定中的流动注射分光光度法研究进展

挥发酚是水体中的重要污染物,对生态环境和人体健康有着严重的危害,美国环保署已将11种酚类化合物列入环境优先污染物之中。文章概括了挥发酚的气相色谱法、蒸馏后溴化容量法、重量法、薄层色谱法、液相色谱法、光度法等检测方法的特点,重点介绍了流动注射分光光度法在挥发酚测定中的原理及在水质分析中的应用,讨论了该法的影响因素,包括缓冲溶液pH、氧化剂、空气峰以及实际水样的影响,并对这一领域的发展趋势进行了展望。引用文献54篇。     

地下水中挥发性有机物的吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定地下水中卤代烃类、苯系物、氯代苯类等20多种挥发性有机物的方法。对吹扫捕集条件、气相色谱条件和质谱条件进行优化,并对实际水样进行测定。方法检出限为0.03～0.28μg/L,基体加标回收率为88.8%～111.0%,精密度(RSD,n=7)为2.21%～5.31%。方法准确,灵敏可靠,可满足地下水中痕量挥发性有机物的分析要求。