BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

Sediment-related water quality of small hill-country streams near Whatawhata,New Zealand. Response to integrated catchment management (ICM)

ABSTRACT

Degradation of aquatic ecosystems by fine sediment is a global environmental problem, and damages reflect particle properties as well as mass concentration. We studied sediment-related water quality (SRWQ) of small streams in hill-country near Whatawhata, NZ, that have been monitored since 1995. In 2001, an integrated catchment management (ICM) plan was implemented in the Mangaotama (originally sheep-beef) catchment – including conversion of steep headwaters to pine plantation, cattle exclusion, and native riparian plantings. The long-term SRWQ within the Mangaotama catchment was examined with reference to a nearby native-forested control catchment. Correlations between visual clarity, suspended particulate matter concentration and related variables were moderate to fairly strong. The ICM has not improved SRWQ as expected – plausibly because removal of cattle disturbance has been offset by decline in pasture ground cover under increasing shade of tree plantings. Worsening SRWQ is expected over the next several decades as channels widen towards a ‘forest’ morphology.     

大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)不同发育阶段视蛋白基因表达特征研究

视网膜视蛋白组成是动物识别光强与颜色视觉的基础,其会随着不同生长环境和发育阶段而发生变化。大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)为重要的海水养殖鱼种,在发育过程中经历了从浮游生活到底栖生活的转变;生活习性的转变伴随着生存环境的变化,尤其是光照环境的变化。我们推测大菱鲆光照感知功能包括视蛋白种类及表达模式等,在不同阶段应有所不同,目前未见相关研究报道。本研究以1、4和9月龄大菱鲆为研究对象,通过qRT-PCR探查了不同阶段大菱鲆视蛋白基因表达的特征规律,通过分析三个发育阶段的视蛋白基因表达比例,推测鱼体光谱敏感性变化规律。结果表明,红视蛋白(LWS)基因表达量随鱼体发育逐渐降低,视紫红质(RH1)、紫外视蛋白(SWS1)和蓝视蛋白(SWS2)随鱼体发育表达量逐渐升高,而绿视蛋白(RH2)中高表达的RH2b1无显著变化。LWS表达比例由1月龄57.2%降至九月龄11.4%,RH2b1表达比例由1月龄29.9%升至九月龄73.3%。随着大菱鲆由早期浮游生活转入底栖生活,表达占主导地位的视蛋白,逐渐由LWS转变为RH2b1,其光谱敏感性可能由红色敏感向绿色敏感转变。大菱鲆视蛋白在不同发育阶段表达的特征变化引发的光谱敏感性变化,可认为是其对不同光环境的适应策略。     

Potential Usage of Remote Sensing Data in Studying the Behaviour of Shore Drift Along Kerala Coast, India

Landsat images were analysed to examine direction, amount and behaviour of long-shore drift and its contribution towards deciding areas vulnerable to coastal erosion and accretion along the coast of Kerala. Two approaches are adopted while utilizing the remote sensing data. Net shore-drift direction is determined firstly by studying various coastal landform indicators and secondly by studying offshore turbidity distribution patterns. Landform indicators study suggest that during the south-west monsoon period, strong southerly currents are eroding protruded sectors and depositing eroded material, though partially, along varying sectors. Whereas during the rest of the year, under the influence of a northerly current, accretion is taking place along retreating sectors which has been reflected in the development of beach ridges. Turbidity pattern distribution exhibited by satellite image suggests that for January and February, long-shore drift is from south to north. The results of the two studies were found to be comparable. It may be concluded that shore-drift direction, which can be determined effectively by remote sensing, is season-dependent and plays a significant role in deciding the areas of coastal erosion and accretion.     

Community volunteer assessment of recreational water quality in the Hutt River,Wellington

ABSTRACT

Water is an important component of many recreational opportunities and New Zealand invests significant resources in recreational water quality (RWQ) monitoring to assess risks to public health. However, monitoring primarily focuses on microbiological hazards and RWQ is considerably broader than this. The goal of this study was to take a comprehensive approach to evaluating RWQ while exploring the potential for greater public involvement in monitoring. A popular river swimming site was co-monitored weekly by volunteers and a council field officer. The attributes monitored–water temperature, visual clarity, benthic cyanobacteria and filamentous periphyton cover, E. coli and rubbish–were identified from a volunteer workshop. There was good concordance between volunteer and council data suggesting that volunteer measurements can be considered reliable. This highlights the potential for volunteers, with professional support, including training and quality assurance, to extend council RWQ surveillance to additional monitoring sites while improving public engagement on water management.     

Trawling or Visual Censuses? Methodological Bias in the Assessment of Fish Populations in Seagrass Beds

Abstract. Fishes associated with the seagrass Posidonia oceanica were censused both by skid trawl and visual counts around Ischia Island, Italy. Both sampling procedures were performed during the day in summer and in winter at two sites. Significant differences in the number of species, number of individuals, biomass, and trophic structure of the fish assemblage were observed between sampling methods. Fewer fish species were recorded by visual counts than by trawling. More individuals and a greater biomass, however, were recorded from visual counts. The population of macrocarnivores (Scorpaenidae, Serranidae) were better estimated by trawling, as were canopy-dwellers (Syngnathidae; Symphodus rostratus) and benthic species (Gobiidae; Blenniidae; Bothidae). Conversely, good swimmers ( Sparidae; Coris julis, Symphodus spp.), and planktivorous fishes (Centracanthidae, Pomacentridae) mostly escaped the trawl and were better assessed by visual counts. The importance of methodological biases differed from one season to the other and was higher in summer than in winter. Particular attention should be paid to the biases induced by sampling techniques when interpreting data, and different sampling methods should be used to accurately study the fish assemblages of seagrass meadows.     

The Sample Size Necessary to Assess Changes in Fish Biomass – A Reply

Abstract. In this article, we compare biomass results for three fish species (Symphodus ocellatus, Serranus scriba and Diplodus annularis) between May 1993 and May 2000 in the Bonifacio Strait Marine Reserve. The data were obtained from seagrass meadows using the visual census method. A randomised procedure was used to test the null hypothesis of biomass equality. To this end, decreasing sample sizes were used for the May 2000 data to determine the sample size necessary to reject the null hypothesis (5 % level). For Symphodus ocellatus, 10 samples (fixed points) were necessary to reject the null hypothesis, whereas 15 samples were required for Diplodus annularis. The null hypothesis was never rejected for Serranus scriba regardless of the sample size considered.
These results are discussed, as is the power statistical analysis proposed by Ortiz (2002; this issue, pp. 1 – 9) , to determine the optimal sample size necessary to detect perturbation effects in the marine environment. Although the power analysis is certainly a useful method to determine the sampling design in assessment the effect of marine reserves on fish biomass, the magnitude of the marine reserve effect remains problematic in ecology.     

视觉认知的自适应多级岛屿群空间模式提取

针对当前电子地图显示范围以及人眼视觉分辨能力的限制,该文提出了符合视觉认知规律的自适应多级岛屿群空间模式,基于动态邻近图、最小生成树、最小面积外接矩形等概念设计了岛屿群多级空间模式提取算法。实验结果表明,该方法有效顾及了岛屿群显示的空间尺度,能够自适应地生成符合显示尺度要求的岛屿群多级空间模式,提高了空间模式识别的灵活性和有效性。