基于主成分分析的植被含水率模型

为了对岷江上游“生态水”的估测提供有效的数据源和方法,利用高光谱遥感技术定量研究了植被反射光谱与植被含水率的关系,测定了研究区多个采样点棕榈叶片的反射光谱和对应的含水率,通过二者的相关分析和逐步回归的方法提取敏感波段;为避免敏感波段之间相关性影响,采用主成分分析法提取主成分,建立主成分与含水率的定量分析模型,并建立主成分与标准自变量的回归方程,然后建立各个标准变量与原始自变量(反射光谱敏感波段)的回归方程,最终转换为植被含水率与反射光谱之间的模型.结果表明:棕榈叶片反射光谱在454 nm,668 nm,1 466 nm,1 664 nm和1 924 nm波段处与含水率显著相关;采用主成分定量分析模型的估算值与实测值相关系数为0.92,均方根误差为0.06.     

全球六边形离散格网数据的三维可视化方法

针对全球六边形离散格网的三维显示化方法开展研究,设计了一种六边形格网的空间层次结构(hexagonalquaternary balanced structure,HQBS),采用四位码元对格网单元进行编码,定义并实现了格网向量的基本运算,利用这些运算可以方便地实现格网单元的空间索引。在此基础上还研究了全球离散格网的动态生成与显示算法、可视化区域裁剪等相关内容。试验表明:全球格网动态生成的效率110～370单元/ms之间,加载空间数据后,格网数据和空间数据逐层加载的时间在300 ms左右,能够保证加载空间数据后的显示刷新率在20帧/s左右。     

杭州湾HJ CCD影像悬浮泥沙遥感定量反演

利用环境小卫星CCD(HJ CCD)影像对杭州湾悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)进行了反演研究。通过对杭州湾水体遥感反射率(Rrs)与SSC进行相关性分析发现,在690nm和830nm左右出现显著的反射峰,分别位于HJ CCD影像的第3和第4波段范围内;大于700nm波长处的Rrs与SSC相关性较好。基于实测Rrs和SSC之间的相关关系,利用第4和第3波段比值作为遥感因子建立SSC反演模型,模型决定系数达到0.90。借鉴近红外-短波红外(NIR-SWIR)结合的大气校正方法反演出的准同步MODIS气溶胶数据,实现了HJ CCD影像的大气校正,第3、第4波段的大气校正结果相对误差分别为5.54%和6.97%。结果显示,HJ CCD影像反演的SSC相对误差为7.12%;杭州湾悬浮泥沙浓度要显著高于长江口,且内部差异明显。研究表明,通过适当的大气校正方法和反演算法,HJ CCD影像可用于杭州湾悬浮泥沙浓度的估计。     

Verification of net primary production estimation method in the Mongolian Plateau using landsat ETM+data

We plan to estimate global net primary production (NPP) of vegetation using the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II) Global Imager (GLI) multi-spectral data. We derive an NPP estimation algorithm from ground measurement data on temperate plants in Japan. By the algorithm, we estimate NPP using a vegetation index based on pattern decomposition (VIPD) for the Mongolian Plateau. The VIPD is derived from Landsat ETM+multi-spectral data, and the resulting NPP estimation is compared with ground data measured in a semi-arid area of Mongolia. The NPP estimation derived from satellite remote sensing data agrees with the ground measurement data within the error range of 15% when all above-ground vegetation NPP is calculated for different vegetation classifications.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒地区上古生界极低级变质作用:伊利石和镜质体反射率的证据

本文使用D/max-2500X射线衍射仪研究了内蒙古锡林郭勒地区上古生界泥质岩石伊利石的成因标志,讨论了有机质镜质体反射率对变质温度的表征。研究区上古生界泥质岩石伊利石的标型特征为:伊利石结晶度分布于0.28～>0.77之间,平均值0.40;伊利石(白云母)多型以2M1型为主,2M1+1Md多型和1Md多型相对较少;伊利石(白云母)b0值变化于8.983～9.046之间,平均值9.019,指示其形成于成岩-极低级变质作用。有机质镜质体反射率具有示踪变质温度的作用,应用Barker and Pawlewiez(1986,1994)、Barker and Goldsteinl(1990)和Mullis et al.(2001)建立的镜质体反射率地质温度计,对研究区上古生界泥质岩石变质温度进行了估算,揭示古地温处于136～321℃之间,温度估算值主要分布在180～260℃之间,平均值为245℃,这表明研究区上古生界遭受了成岩-极低级变质作用,变质程度属近变质带。研究区上古生界泥质岩石的Ro值主要分布在1.01%～3.67%之间,表明有机质演化处于成熟-过成熟阶段,泥质岩石具有生烃的能力,部分层位可能具有形成油气资源的潜力。     

利用新近系煤的镜质组反射率计算滇西高原 的隆升幅度

为了定量地计算滇西高原的隆升幅度,在滇西中甸、保山、景东、景谷四地分别取新近纪煤岩样,在野外实测煤层上覆地层残留厚度和测得样品的镜质组反射率并确定有效作用时间后,根据三者关系曲线图计算出成煤时的最大古地温和最大埋深,进而计算出滇西高原上新世时期自北而南的隆升幅度在1500~1700m之间。该时期隆升表现出总体均匀抬升的特征。     

基于卫星服务中断的GPS在中国服务区可用性分析

由于导航卫星硬件失效和轨道维持等原因,会引起卫星服务的暂时中断。卫星服务中断又会导致导航星座可用性下降。以GPS卫星4类中断的平均间隔时间、平均恢复时间为参数,建立了导航卫星的平均可用性及导航星座平均可用性数学模型。仿真分析了卫星服务中断的情况下GPS在我国服务区的可用性。仿真结果对于我国目前进行的区域卫星导航系统建设(北斗卫星导航系统建设的第2步)以及参与GPS市场竞争均具有重要作用。     

Airborne imagery of a disintegrating Sargassum drift line

Airborne hyperspectral and thermal infrared imagery collected over the Florida Current provide a view of the disintegration of a Sargassum drift line in 5 m s⁻¹ winds. The drift line consists mostly of rafts 20-80 m² in size, though aggregations larger than 1000 m² also occur. Rafts tend to be elongated, curved in the upwind direction, and 0.1-0.5 °C warmer than the surrounding ocean surface. Long weed ‘trails’ extending upwind from the rafts are evidence of plants dropping out and being left behind more rapidly drifting rafts. The raft line may be a remnant of an earlier Sargassum frontal band, which is detectible as an upwind thermal front and areas of submerged weed. Issues are identified that require future field measurements.     

Thermal history of the Rio Muni (West Africa)–NE Brazil margins during continental breakup

We document the thermal record of breakup of the conjugate Rio Muni (West Africa) and NE Brazil margins using apatite fission track analysis, vitrinite reflectance data and stratigraphic observations from both margins. These results permit determination of the timing of four cooling episodes, and the temperature of samples at the onset of each episode. All samples are interpreted to have experienced higher temperatures in the geological past due to i) elevated basal heatflow (palaeogeothermal gradient in Rio Muni-1 well decaying from 58 °C/km during the Mid Cretaceous to 21.5 °C/km in the Late Cenozoic) and ii) progressive exhumation from formerly greater burial depth. A well constrained history of changing palaeogeothermal gradient allows for much more precise quantification of the thickness of eroded section (exhumation) than if a constant heatflow is assumed. Cooling episodes identified from the palaeotemperature data at 110–95 Ma (both margins) and 85–70 Ma (Rio Muni only) coincide with major unconformities signifying, respectively, the cessation of rifting (breakup) and compressional shortening that affected the African continent following the establishment of post-rift sedimentation (drift). The interval between these separate unconformities is occupied by allochthonous rafts of shallow-water carbonates recording gravitational collapse of a marginal platform. The rift shoulder uplift that triggered this collapse was enhanced by local transpression associated with the obliquely divergent Ascension Fracture Zone, and thermal doming due to the coeval St Helena and Ascension Plumes. The data also reveal a c.45–35 Ma cooling episode, attributed to deep sea erosion at the onset of Eo-Oligocene ice growth, and a c.15–10 Ma episode interpreted as the record of Miocene exhumation of the West African continental margin related to continent-wide plume development. Integration of thermal history methods with traditional seismic- and stratigraphy-based observations yields a dynamic picture of kilometre-scale fluctuations in base level through the breakup and early drift phases of development of these margins. Major unconformities at ocean margins are likely to represent composite surfaces recording not only eustasy, but also regional plate margin-generated deformation, local ‘intra-basinal’ reorganization, and the amplifying effect of negative feedbacks between these processes.     

Estimating leaf area index by inversion of reflectance model for semiarid natural grasslands

The study developed an integrated reflectance model combining radiative transfer and geometric optical properties in order to inverse leaf area index (LAI) of semiarid natural grasslands. In order to better link remote sensing information with land plants, and facilitate regional and global climate change studies, the model introduced a simple but important geometrical similarity parameter related to plant crown shapes. The model revealed the influences of different plant crown shapes (such as spherical, cylindrical/cuboidal and conic crowns) on leaf/branch angle distribution frequencies, shadow ground coverage, shadowed or sunlit background fractions, canopy reflectance, and scene reflectance. The modeled reflectance data agreed with the measured ones in the three Leymus chinensis steppes with different degradation degrees, which validated the reflectance model. The lower the degradation degree was, the better the modeled data agreed with the measured data. After this reflectance model was coupled with the optimization inversion method, LAI over the entire study region was estimated once every eight days using the eight-day products of surface reflectance obtained by multi-spectral Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) during the growing seasons in 2002. The temporal and spatial patterns of inversed LAI for the steppes with different cover degrees, swamps, flood plains, and croplands agreed with the general laws and measurements very well. But for unused land cover types (sands, saline, and barren lands) and forestlands, totally accounting for about 10% of the study region, the reasonable LAI values were not derived by inversing, requiring further revising of the model or the development of a new model for them. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30500076), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB714407), and the President Foundation of Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. YZJJ200205)