Automated Kerogen Classification in Microscope Images of Dispersed Kerogen Preparation

We develop the classification part of a system that analyses transmitted light microscope images of dispersed kerogen preparation. The system automatically extracts kerogen pieces from the image and labels each piece as either inertinite or vitrinite. The image pre-processing analysis consists of background removal, identification of kerogen material, object segmentation, object extraction (individual images of pieces of kerogen) and feature calculation for each object. An expert palynologist was asked to label the objects into categories inertinite and vitrinite, which provided the ground truth for the classification experiment. Ten state-of-the-art classifiers and classifier ensembles were compared: Naïve Bayes, decision tree, nearest neighbour, the logistic classifier, multilayered perceptron (MLP), support vector machines (SVM), AdaBoost, Bagging, LogitBoost and Random Forest. The logistic classifier was singled out as the most accurate classifier, with an accuracy greater than 90. Using a 10 times 10-fold cross-validation provided within the Weka software, we found that the logistic classifier was significantly better than five classifiers (p<0.05) and indistinguishable from the other four classifiers. The initial set of 32 features was subsequently reduced to 6 features without compromising the classification accuracy. A further evaluation of the system alerted us to the possible sensitivity of the classification to the ground truth that might vary from one human expert to another. The analysis also revealed that the logistic classifier made most of the correct classifications with a high certainty.     

不透明矿物流体包裹体红外显微测温研究：进展、存在问题与解决方案

流体包裹体是古地质流体的唯一直接记录,为反演地质过程涉及的物理化学条件等提供了最为重要的证据。流体包裹体是研究热液矿床成矿流体最有利手段,常规的测试对象为透明的脉石矿物,而矿石矿物中的流体包裹体更为直接、准确地记录了成矿流体信息。大多数矿石矿物在显微镜透射光下不透明,其捕获的流体包裹体研究需要使用配备有红外成像系统的显微镜进行。近20 年来,不透明矿物流体包裹体红外显微测温研究获得了长足的进展,但其中仍有一些问题尚未解决,制约了该方法的应用;同时,国内该研究领域正处在起步阶段,多个实验室已安装了红外测试仪器,但尚未开展系统的研究工作。因此,需要对该研究领域进行综述,探讨存在的问题,以促进该研究方法的发展。本文首先介绍了红外显微镜仪器工作原理及样品制备注意事项,阐述了影响不透明矿物红外透明度的因素,讨论了红外显微测温研究中的主要问题和难点,并针对测温过程中相变观察困难、红外光可能影响测温结果等问题提出可行的解决方案,最后论述了红外显微测温系统在矿床学领域的应用前景。     

松辽盆地南部浅层天然气地球化学特征及其成因分析

由于松辽盆地南部浅层天然气成因研究比较薄弱,通过采集伏龙泉地区泉头组天然气样品,对天然气组分、碳同位素、轻烃组分进行了分析。结果表明该地区天然气有油型气和生物降解气2种成因。第一类天然气甲烷碳同位素值在-35‰左右,甲烷及其同系物碳同位素呈正碳分布;甲基环己烷指数在20%左右、环己烷指数略高于10%,符合油型气的特征。由甲烷碳同位素计算的R₀值,以及轻烃中的庚烷值和异庚烷值均在高-过成熟的范围,因此是高成熟的油型气。第二类天然气甲烷碳同位素偏轻,丙烷碳同位素偏重;轻烃色谱图中以环烷烃为主峰,轻烃内组成中支链烷烃和环烷烃含量高,各项轻烃参数(甲基环己烷指数、庚烷值、K1值等)都在较大范围内波动,为生物降解气。这一研究对于今后该区天然气勘探与资源评价及其成藏机理研究具有重要意义。     

饱和度-压力曲线法预测柴油在毛细带中形成的透镜体厚度

轻非水相液体（LNAPL）进入到地下环境中,首先在非饱和带进行垂向迁移,到达毛细带后在地下水面以上形成饱和透镜体。准确预测LNAPL渗漏在毛细带形成的透镜体厚度,对于LNAPL的去除及污染含水层的修复具有重要的指导意义。通过模拟实验测定了水-油两相吸湿及脱湿曲线,采用水-油饱和度-压力曲线拟合出了吸湿及脱湿进入压力。根据透镜体达到稳定状态时脱湿、吸湿压力水头之间的关系,建立了透镜体厚度的预测计算方法,并以中砂和粗砂为例,预测出实验条件下柴油在毛细带形成透镜体稳定时的厚度分别为4.61 cm和1.29 cm。通过室内模拟槽实验,测得柴油在中砂和粗砂中迁移时形成的透镜体厚度分别为5.30 cm和1.50 cm。预测与实验结果的相对误差分别为13.0%和14.0%。误差产生的主要原因为脱湿与吸湿曲线是在非干燥情况下测得,从而导致预测的透镜体厚度偏小。     

轻量化坑道钻机的研制及应用

为解决坑道钻机质量大,在巷道中搬迁运输困难的问题,采用轻型结构设计与模块化组装思路,结合轻质材料应用,研制了由5052-H38态高强度铝合金作为主材的ZDY1200G型轻量化坑道钻机,钻机快速拆解后单部件最大质量292.5 kg。采用三维DIC散斑变系统对钻机铝合金给进机身在极限载荷下的应变与位移进行了测量分析,测得最大回转负载工况最大主应变为0.87%,最大起拔工况机身关键部位最大位移6.317 mm,未产生塑性变形,满足使用需求。钻机研制成功后在云南省沧源县某矿进行了现场工业性试验,完成了斜向下43°、深度512.68 m的取心钻孔。试验结果表明,采用铝合金的坑道钻机在强度、刚度、可靠性上与碳钢为主材的坑道钻机相当,并且具有搬迁运输方便的优点,能较好地应用于坑道钻探施工。     

基于有机包裹体研究追索海拉尔盆地煤成油

有机包裹体在油气成因，运移研究中具有重要的意义，本文通过对海拉尔盆地砂岩样品中的有机包裹体进行显微荧光观察，包裹体均一测温，并对包裹体成分进行轻烃气相色谱及碳同位素分析，索了研究区油气的成因性质及油气运移期次,结果表明，海拉尔地区存在煤成油，并有两期以上的油气运移。     

Determination of Lithium, Beryllium and Boron at Trace Levels by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Sector Field Mass Spectrometry

The analytical capabilities of laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS in determining Li, Be and B at trace levels in geological samples have been tested on a series of glass reference materials and natural samples. The LA-ICP-MS instrument used consisted of a sector-field ICP-MS coupled with a laser ablation microprobe operating at either 266 or 213 nm wavelength. Reference glasses from NIST (SRM 612, 614 and 616) and MPI-DING (KL2-G, ML3B-G, StHs6/80-G, GOR128-G, GOR132-G, T1-G and ATHO-G) were selected to develop the analytical method and to assess the best instrumental configuration. A series of calcic amphiboles with different Li, Be and B concentrations were also analysed using both LA-ICP-MS and SIMS to test the applicability of the method to natural minerals. Results indicated that with a spot size of 40 μm the agreement between measured and reference values of Li, Be and B is generally better than 10% for NIST SRM 612 and 20% for NIST SRM 614. Average reproducibility at the 2s level was 10% for Li, 20% for Be and 15% for B. Limits of detection were approximately 100 ng g^-1 for Be and B and 200 ng g^-1 for Li. These results were confirmed by analyses carried out on natural amphiboles and compared well in terms of precision and accuracy with those commonly achieved by SIMS.     

光学显微镜成像方式及投影冷光源的分频合成探讨

传统显微镜光源主要包括卤素灯光源、纯水过滤热射线光源、LED光源等,由于卤素灯光源含有大量760~1400 nm区段的红外线,纯水过滤热射线光源滤除红外线不彻底且水会导致透射光线的部分散射,LED光源在500 nm波长附近的光照强度不足、波形存在缺陷,容易灼伤样品或使成像质量受限,都难以满足需要采用大功率冷光源进行无损、高质量显微观察成像和测试的要求。本文在总结光学显微镜的成像方式、光源类型及各类光源优缺点的基础上,提出了采用三棱镜-凸透镜组分频合成冷光源的新思路。该思路首先利用三棱镜将卤素灯光源光谱按频率顺序打开,然后选择可见光区域内的光谱,用凸透镜组校正可见光方向后,再由三棱镜将这些可见光合成不含热射线的冷光源。理论和砂岩荧光薄片实际测试效果表明,该方法既可完全排除热射线,从而使样品免遭受破坏,又保持了完整的可见光光谱,解决了大功率冷光源红外线生热和光谱存在缺陷的难题,这为采用大功率冷光源的光学显微镜投影高质量成像提供了新的方法及切实可行的依据。该套分频合成光源的装置主要配置为:玻璃材质的同规格的三棱镜与凸透镜各两个,卤素灯光源一个。结构简单,可在需使用大功率冷光源进行无损成像和测试等方面获得广泛的应用。     

Semiconducting Mineralogical Characteristics of Natural Sphalerite Gestating Visible-light Photocatalysis

Abstract: Natural sphalerite as a natural cost-effective photocatalyst was characterized and its visible light photocatalytic activity was investigated in terms of substituting ions, impurity phases and surface defects. The substitutions of metal ions for Zn2+ alter the band structure and result in the visible light response. The coexistence of impurity semiconductors and nanosized particles in natural sphalerite samples help to prolong the lifetime of electron-hole pairs. The cleavage planes and fracture surfaces improve the photocatalytic activity of natural sphalerite by providing more active sites than perfect faces. Both the negative charge defects from the non-isoelectronic substitutions and surface elements with variable chemical valence suppressed the recombination of electron-hole pairs by their possible role of capturing photogenerated holes.     

天然闪锌矿可见光催化还原甲基橙的实验研究

本文研究了可见光下天然闪锌矿的光催化还原能力,通过可见光下天然闪锌矿对甲基橙的光催化降解实验讨论了天然闪锌矿晶格中的杂质缺陷、导带能级位置、光生空穴捕获剂和溶液pH值对可见光催化降解效率的影响。结果表明,在抗坏血酸做空穴捕获剂的条件下,经2 h的可见光催化实验,甲基橙能被天然闪锌矿完全还原降解。天然闪锌矿晶格中丰富的杂质缺陷在禁带中形成杂质能级,可将闪锌矿对光的响应拓展到可见光的波长范围。与天然金红石相比,闪锌矿对甲基橙的较强光催化还原降解效果与其导带电子更负的氧化还原电势有关。此外,空穴捕获剂和pH值的选择都是影响催化效果的关键因素。天然闪锌矿在可见光催化降解污染物领域颇有应用前景。