虚拟现实和G IS系统集成方法分析

从三个角度论述虚拟现实(V irtua l R ea lity,VR)和地理信息系统(G IS)集成的必要性,通过对集成方法的归纳,提出4种集成方式,并详细介绍了各自的结构体系和具体特征。在此基础上划分了VR与G IS系统集成的4个阶段,分析当前系统集成现状,指出其发展趋势。同时探讨了VR和G IS系统集成中存在的关键问题,包括数据、虚拟景观技术、VRG IS网络化等,给出目前解决这些问题的一些建议和具体途径。     

Modeling 3D thermal fracture propagation by transient cooling using virtual multidimensional internal bonds

Thermal fracturing can play an important role in development of unconventional petroleum and geothermal resources. Thermal fractures can result from the nonlinear deformation of the rock in response to thermal stress related to cold water injection as well as heating. Before the rock reaches the final failure stage, material softening and bulk modulus degradation can cause changes in the thermo‐mechanical properties of the solid. In order to capture this aspect of the rock fracture, a virtual multidimensional internal bond‐based thermo‐mechanical model is derived to track elastic, softening, and the failure stages of the rock in response to the temporal changes of its temperature field. The variations in thermo‐mechanical properties of the rock are derived from a nonlinear constitutive model. To represent the thermo‐mechanical behavior of pre‐existing fractures, the element partition method is employed. Using the model, numerical simulation of 3D thermal fracture propagation in brittle rock is carried out. Results of numerical simulations provide evidence of model verification and illustrate nonlinear thermal response and fracture development in rock under uniform cooling. In addition, fracture coalescence in a cluster of fractures under thermal stress is illustrated, and the process of thermal fracturing from a wellbore is captured. Results underscore the importance of thermal stress in reservoir stimulation and show the effectiveness of the model to predict 3D thermal fracturing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of hydraulic fracture propagation near a natural fracture using virtual multidimensional internal bonds

A virtual multidimensional internal bond (VMIB) model developed to simulate the propagation of hydraulic fractures using the finite‐element method is formulated within the framework of the virtual internal bond theory (VIB) that considers a solid as randomized material particles in the micro scale, and derives the macro constitutive relation from the cohesive law between the material particles with an implicit fracture criterion. Hydraulic pressure is applied using a new scheme that enables simulation of hydraulically driven cracks. When the model is applied to study hydraulic fracture propagation in the presence of a natural fracture, the results show the method to be very effective. It shows that although the in situ stress ratio is the dominant factor governing the propagation direction, a natural fault can also strongly influence the hydraulic fracture behavior. This influence is conditioned by the shear stiffness of the fault and the distance to the original hydraulic fracture. The model results show that when the fault is strong in shear, its impact on hydraulic fracture trajectory is weak and the hydraulic fracture will likely penetrate the fault. For a weak fault, however, the fracture tends to be arrested at the natural fault. The distance between the fault and the hydraulic fracture is also important; the fault influence increases with decreasing distance. The VMIB does not require selection of a fracture criterion and remeshing when the fracture propagates. Therefore, it is advantageous for modeling fracture initiation and propagation in naturally fractured rock. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

约束秩亏间接平差模型的虚拟观测算法

约束秩亏间接平差模型的法方程系数矩阵为分块矩阵,其左上角的子块矩阵秩亏,因此无法直接计算分块矩阵的凯利逆矩阵.利用矩阵运算,构建一个能直接求凯利逆的分块矩阵,进而推算出约束秩亏间接平差模型法方程系数矩阵的凯利逆的直接显性表达式.提出将约束条件看作虚拟观测,和原有的秩亏间接平差模型组合成新的误差方程,再和约束条件组成约束...     

地理知识可视化中知识图特征与应用——以小流域淤地坝系规划为例

依据心智表达的双重编码理论、地理的空间图形思维特点以及支持可视化知识探析需求,讨论地理知识可视化中知识图的定义与特点,并把地理知识图分为地理概念命题图与地理相似图解图,地理相似图解图又可分为逻辑拓扑相似图、空间结构相似图、变量关系相似图以及地理过程相似图.以黄土高原的小流域淤地坝系规划为案例,研究了支持坝系空间规划知识图中的概念命题图与相似图解图的形式、种类及其相互关系.     

新驿煤矿下组煤矿井涌水量预测研究

在系统收集水文地质资料的基础上,运用"大井法"和水文地质比拟法对开采16煤的涌水量进行了预测,利用突水系数法,对八采区16煤底板奥灰突水危险性进行了评价,得出了突水系数分区图。经综合分析对比,采用大井法的预测结果:即开采16煤正常涌水量为482m3/h,最大涌水量为540m3/h;奥灰突水量初期为1 083～10 640m3/h,一般为660～4470m3/h;如对奥灰采取疏排降压方案,疏降排水量预计为770m3/h。此结果可作为矿井回采阶段防治水设计的参考。     

虚拟样机技术在地质工程机械领域的应用研究

基于对国内地质工程机械的研发现状的考虑，根据虚拟样机技术的特点，讨论了在地质工程机械领域实施虚拟样机技术的必要件，并提出了建立地质工程机械虚拟样机的策略。联合PRO／E、ANSYS及ADAMS建立了气动潜孔锤的虚拟样机模型，对气动潜孔锤虚拟样机进行了仿真，阐明了虚拟样机技术在地质工程机械领域的应用前景。     

虚拟单元法求解渗流流量

提出了计算渗流场流量的虚拟单元法,推导了虚拟单元法有限元方程,并探讨了虚拟单元法的有限元实现方法,建立了虚拟单元法求解渗流流量的理论和方法体系。二维径向渗流和平底坝基算例比较分析表明,虚拟单元法具有计算精度高及有限元实现简单并容易编写通用程序等优点。虚拟单元法与中线法计算流量具有相同的精度,但在应用上虚拟单元法有一定优势。     

基于数字散斑相关方法的虚拟引伸计及其在岩石裂纹动态观测中的应用

基于数字散斑相关方法（DSCM）发展了一种虚拟引伸计测量方法。该方法通过DSCM测量的应变场识别和定位裂纹,然后“事后”在裂纹处虚拟地安装引伸计,再通过DSCM测量的位移场计算裂纹的张开量和错动量。给出了虚拟引伸计的原理和实现方法,并用实验验证了虚拟引伸计的可靠性,同时分析并标定出虚拟引伸计在实测中可达到0.1像素的分辨率。将虚拟引伸计应用于含未穿透预制裂纹（三维裂纹）的花岗岩试件的破坏实验中,根据虚拟引伸计测得的裂纹张开、错动情况,对试件破坏过程中不同裂纹的出现顺序以及裂纹类型进行了判断,同时对试件破坏的机制进行了简单分析。