Effects of Crop Growth and Development on Land Surface Fluxes

In this study, the Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis model (CERES3.0) was coupled into the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS), which is called BATS CERES, to represent interactions between the land surface and crop growth processes. The effects of crop growth and development on land surface processes were then studied based on numerical simulations using the land surface models. Six sensitivity experiments by BATS show that the land surface fluxes underwent substantial changes when the leaf area index was changed from 0 to 6 m2 m-2. Numerical experiments for Yucheng and Taoyuan stations reveal that the coupled model could capture not only the responses of crop growth and development to environmental conditions, but also the feedbacks to land surface processes. For quantitative evaluation of the effects of crop growth and development on surface fluxes in China, two numerical experiments were conducted over continental China: one by BATS CERES and one by the original BATS. Comparison of the two runs shows decreases of leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover when incorporating dynamic crops in land surface simulation, which lead to less canopy interception, vegetation transpiration, total evapotranspiration, top soil moisture, and more soil evaporation, surface runoff, and root zone soil moisture. These changes are accompanied by decreasing latent heat flux and increasing sensible heat flux in the cropland region. In addition, the comparison between the simulations and observations proved that incorporating the crop growth and development process into the land surface model could reduce the systematic biases of the simulated leaf area index and top soil moisture, hence improve the simulation of land surface fluxes.     

宁波台动水位与垂直摆对印尼8.9和日本9.0级地震的同震响应

分析认为宁波台ZK03井动水位与VS垂直摆倾斜仪出现的异常可能是印尼8.9和日本9.0级地震的同震响应.印尼8.9级地震后,动水位表现为地震波引起的脉冲和阶跃变化并抬高水位.垂直摆表现为形变波引起的脉冲和阶跃变化,EW向最大幅度约为408.328×10-3"的脉冲式向E振荡波,并向W出现阶跃变化;NS向最大幅度约为29...     

Asymmetric fluxes of water and sediments in a mesotidal mudflat channel

The hydrodynamics of a small tributary channel and its adjacent mudflat is studied in Willapa Bay, Washington State, USA. Velocity profiles and water levels are simultaneously measured at different locations in the channel and on the mudflat for two weeks. The above tidal flat and channel hydrodynamics differ remarkably during the tidal cycle. When the water surface level is above the tidal flat elevation, the channel is inactive. At this stage, the above tidal flat flow is predominantly aligned along the Bay axis, oscillating with the tide as a standing wave with peak velocities up to 0.3 m/s. When the mudflat becomes emergent, the flow concentrates in the channel. During this stage, current velocities up to 1 m/s are measured during ebb; and up to 0.6 m/s during flood. Standard equations for open-channel flow are utilized to study the channel hydrodynamics. From the continuity equation, a lateral inflow is predicted during ebb, which likely originates from the drainage of the mudflat through the lateral runnels. Both advective acceleration and lateral discharge terms, estimated directly from the velocity profiles, play a significant role in the momentum equation. The computed drag coefficient for bottom friction is small, due to an absence of vegetation and bottom bedforms in the channel. Sediment fluxes are calculated by combining flow and suspended sediment concentration estimated using the acoustic backscatter signal of the instruments. A net export of the sediment from the channel is found during ebb, which is not balanced by the sediment import during flood. When the mudflat is submerged, ebb-flood asymmetries in suspended sediment concentration are present, leading to a net sediment flux toward the inner part of the Willapa Bay. Finally, a residual flow is detected inside the channel at high slack water, probably associated with the thermohaline circulation.     

云地闪初次闪击算法的设计

首先介绍了闪电形成的概念模型,在此基础上提取反射率因子、环境等温层高度、最大反射率因子的对应垂直高度变化和垂直积分液态含水量来构建广东云地闪初生算法.其次,利用2007年广东新一代雷达和闪电定位系统收集的大量强对流资料,对广东云地闪初生算法进行应用评估.对于138个风暴样本,CSI为69％,POD为89％,FAR为25％,空报较多.利用雷达垂直剖面资料分析误差产生的原因.算法漏报有两种情况:一是由于雷达天顶盲区的影响,使得该区域内的风暴垂直探测严重不足;二是环境等温层高度的估算存在困难,实际操作中选择了探空资料-15℃层的平均高度值.空报的主要原因在于一些风暴虽然达到或超过了反射率因子阈值,但是其强反射率因子核区在垂直方向上伸展不够,相对较薄,说明垂直运动不够充分,难以将水凝物输送到较高的环境等温层高度上,从而不会产生闪电.最后,根据误差分析对云地闪初生算法进行改进.一方面增加反射率垂直梯度因子的判别,减少因风暴垂直发展不足所造成的算法空报;另一方面,适当降低环境等温层的高度,选择7 000 m替代此前的7 757 m.再次利用前面构建的强对流资料集,评估算法改进后的效果.改进后的算法在一定程度上控制了空报率,空报单体由此前的31个减少到23个,FAR由25％降低至19％,但CSI则从69％增加到74％.     

2010年浙南地区一次暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、中尺度自动站加密资料、多普勒雷达资料和NCEP1°×1°再兮析资料．对2010年5周8曲日发生在浙南的一次暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,结果发现：此次暴雨是在横槽转竖的大背景下,西风槽和高原槽东移合并加强,并在东移过程中与低层切变共同作用造成的;低空急流的形成在水汽的输送和聚集过程中发挥了重要作用;暴雨过程...     

一次强烈雹暴的多普勒天气雷达资料分析

利用石家庄多普勒天气雷达资料和常规探测资料,对2008年5月17日发生在河北南部的强烈雹暴的生成环境和动力机制以及发展演变特征进行了分析。内蒙古东部冷涡后部的冷空气和低层暖湿气流在河北中南部交汇,导致这个地区上空的层结不稳定,低层的暖切变和地面的东风辐合线为触发系统。高低空急流、不稳定层结、强垂直风切变为强烈雹暴的发生提供了有利的环境条件。强烈雹暴的多普勒天气雷达观测特征表现为一个次超级单体的发展移动过程,呈现回波悬垂和弱回波区特征,强回波核区反射率因子达到73 dBz,三体散射现象明显,对应径向速度图表现为弱中气旋,旋转速度为15 m/s。次超级单体右移特征明显,沿承载层平均风方向偏右侧移动。风暴相对螺旋度(Srh)大值与强雹暴的产生密切相关,0.3～2.1 km的Srh正值出现以及2.1～6.1 km的Srh减小随后迅速增加对冰雹的预报有很好的指示意义。     

吴堡县横沟水源地HS3渗流井的设计与施工

渗流井取水是利用河床松散砂砾石含水层为天然滤床开发地表水、地下取水的一种给水技术。结合吴堡县东部河谷区横沟段三号渗流井（HS3渗流井）施工实例,对渗流井的取水原理、设计思路、施工方法及技术要点进行了总结。     

Amplitude Variation with Offset Responses Modeling Study of Walkaway Vertical Seismic Profile Data at CO2 Geological Storage Site, Ketzin, Germany

An important component of any CO2 sequestration project is seismic monitoring for tracking changes in subsurface physical properties, such as velocity and density. Different reservoirs have different amplitude variation with offset (AVO) responses, which can define underground conditions. In the present paper we investigate walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) AVO response to CO2 injection at the Ketzin site, the first European onshore CO2 sequestration pilot study dealing with research on geological storage of CO2. First, we performed rock physics analysis to evaluate the effect of injected CO2 on seismic velocity using the Biot-Gassmann equation. On the basis of this model, the seismic response for different CO2 injection saturation was studied using ray tracing modeling. We then created synthetic walkaway VSP data, which we then processed. In contrast, synthetic seismic traces were created from borehole data. Finally, we found that the amplitude of CO2 injected sand layer with different gas saturations were increased with the offset when compared with the original brine target layer. This is the typical class III AVO anomaly for gas sand layer. The AVO responses matched the synthetic seismic traces very well. Therefore, walkaway VSP AVO response can monitor CO2 distribution in the Ketzin area.     

塔拉哈—齐家地区下白垩统震积岩特征及其油气储集问题

文章通过对松辽盆地塔拉哈一齐家地区白垩系沉积地层钻孔岩心的观察和研究,识别出大量具有震积岩特征的变形构造,并发现了多个完整的震积垂向序列.在震积岩的识别过程中,认识到震积岩自身可能就是一种潜在的油气储集体.     

尾砂库重金属元素表生地球化学行为的初探

通过重金属含量分析,分级提取化学形态分析,结合矿物成分和化学成分分析,对黄龙铺矿区1号尾矿库重金属元素在风化过程中的地球化学行为进行了研究。研究结果表明在横向上,尾矿库中心排水口处地势低洼,铜、铁因相对活泼易于迁移而流失,铅、锌、铬、镉在尾矿库四周的地表浅部淋失,在尾矿库中心则相对富集。化学形态分析表明尾砂中各重金属元素赋存状态各有不同,一般以T6原生硫化物态和T7残渣态为主,铜、锌、铁迁移性较强;其他则较弱,表明对环境威胁不是很大。重金属的迁移明显的分为氧化带和次氧化带,研究结果显示尾矿覆盖方法也不一定能够有效地阻滞污染元素的迁移。