明渠非恒定流流速分布及推移质运动研究进展

明渠非恒定流流速分布及非恒定流作用下推移质运动分别是水力学和泥沙运动力学研究中的重要问题之一。近几十年来,国内外许多学者在这些领域做过很多探索,取得了一定进展,也存在较多问题。在总结相关研究成果的基础上,简述了明渠非恒定流试验方法、流速分布、床面切应力、非恒定流输沙与水流运动不同步现象、产生原因、以及非恒定流推移质输沙公式等方面的成果,指出了现有研究中存在的不足,提出了需要进一步研究的关键问题:应用先进的量测仪器,研究非恒定流作用下非均匀沙运动输移规律。     

孟加拉扇上扇某区块深水沉积体的特征及演化模式

利用高分辨率三维地震资料分析了孟加拉扇上扇某区块的深水沉积体特征。发现了六种典型地震相:下切充填相、海鸥翼状相、楔形发散相、透明相、强振幅平行相和弱振幅平行相。下切充填相代表粗粒的水道充填沉积;海鸥翼状相代表水道-天然堤复合体;楔形发散相代表细粒的天然堤沉积;透明相代表块体搬运沉积;强振幅平行相代表朵叶体沉积;弱振幅平行相代表深海披覆沉积。通过对典型地震剖面特征和平面属性分布分析可知:上扇垂向上依次沉积了朵叶体、水道和堤岸、朵叶体、水道-天然堤复合体。     

A Winkler model approach for vertically and laterally loaded piles in nonhomogeneous soil

An investigation is made to present analytical solutions provided by a Winkler model approach for the analysis of single piles and pile groups subjected to vertical and lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils. The load transfer parameter of a single pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from the displacement influence factor obtained from Mindlin's solution for an elastic continuum analysis, without using the conventional form of the load transfer parameter adopting the maximum radius of the influence of the pile proposed by Randolph and Wroth. The modulus of the subgrade reaction along the pile in nonhomogeneous soils is expressed by using the displacement influence factor related to Mindlin's equation for an elastic continuum analysis to combine the elastic continuum approach with the subgrade reaction approach. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a single pile in nonhomogeneous soils is obtained by using the recurrence equation for each layer. Using the modulus of the subgrade reaction represented by the displacement influence factor related to Mindlin's solution for the lateral load, the relationship between horizontal displacement, rotation, moment, and shear force for a single pile subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils is available in the form of the recurrence equation. The comparison of the results calculated by the present method for single piles and pile groups in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the more rigorous finite element and boundary element methods. It is found that the present procedure gives a good prediction on the behavior of piles in nonhomogeneous soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论煤层的加积方式

煤层成因是煤地质学的核心。煤层是一种沉积地层,它遵循沉积学、地层学、岩石学以及矿床学的基本规律,也有其特殊性,其成因并不同于煤的成因。传统煤地质学的核心观点是煤层由泥炭沼泽演化而成,其本质就是成煤物质的垂向加积。通过对煤层垂向和侧向加积的分析对比以及大面积稳定展布的厚煤层低自然伽马多峰现象、层理与条带结构等沉积特征的研究,认为成煤物质是机械沉积的,煤层像大多数沉积岩层一样是侧向加积形成的。对于厚煤层而言,多期侧向加积产生了次生垂向加积,其形成过程不是一个简单的、连续的、线性的垂向累加过程,而是一个复杂的、不连续的、非线性的侧向叠合过程,成煤物质是不连续的、多期多源的,厚煤层中普遍存在的夹矸便是其不连续的证据,同时厚煤层是穿时的。煤层侧向加积与较深水或海相沉积共生,是一个有机连续的整体,符合瓦尔特相律和古生态学原理,符合煤层厚度、形态多变及下伏地层沉积体系多种多样,也符合成煤物质超巨量工业富集、含煤地层灰色灰黑色、煤矿床质量优良的事实。     

基于InSAR技术的江苏水闸垂直位移监测方法可行性探讨

利用Sentinel-1雷达卫星影像,探讨InSAR技术作为水闸垂直位移变形监测辅助手段的可行性。结果表明,InSAR技术与水准测量相比,两种方法得到的水闸垂直位移变化趋势基本一致;InSAR测量结果具有可信性,后续可进一步推广应用。     

POS数据的上下视差误差源检测及误差补偿回归模型

分析POS数据存在系统误差的主要原因,推导基于POS的立体像对相对定向模型,建立POS系统误差回归补偿模型。三个不同比例尺测区试验数据的结果表明：POS系统提供的外方位元素中角元素误差是引起模型上下视差的主要误差源;利用回归补偿模型对POS数据进行改正后模型上下视差明显减小;在无需区域网平差的情况下,直接通过相对定向消除POS系统误差,定位精度有较大提高,从而证明该补偿模型的正确性与可行性。     

改进的修正预测法预报电离层

利用自回归移动平均ARMA模型的线性最小方差预测法预报电离层存在的主要问题是极值点处预测误差较大。通过对模型阶数上限及定阶准则的选取进行实验分析,确定了合适的模型阶数并建立了相应模型。修正预测法可利用新信息对线性最小方差预测法的预测结果进行修正。这是一种短期预报方法,每次向前预测一步即2 h,但结果并不理想。考虑到电离层变化的周期性,为了进一步减小极值点处预测误差,提出了改进的修正预测法。实验表明,改进的修正预测法预测结果与原始值符合较好。     

数字天顶摄影仪确定垂线偏差及其精度分析

给出了数字天顶摄影仪的基本结构和垂线偏差测量的基本算法,结合仪器和测量过程,分析了垂线偏差测量误差。数字天顶摄影仪的自动化程度和测量精度都高于传统的天文大地测量。     

Relationship Between the Western Pacific Subtropical High and the Subtropical East Asian Diabatic Heating During South China Heavy Rains in June 2005

Based on the daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the position variation of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in June 2005 and its relation to the diabatic heating in the subtropical East Asia are analyzed using the complete vertical vorticity equation. The results show that the position variation of the WPSH is indeed associated with the diabatic heating in the subtropical East Asian areas. In comparison with June climatology, stronger heating on the north side of the WPSH and relatively weak ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone) convection on the south side of the WPSH occurred in June 2005. Along with the northward movement of the WPSH, the convective latent heating extended northward from the south side of the WPSH. The heating to the west of the WPSH was generally greater than that inside the WPSH, and each significant enhancement of the heating field corresponded to a subsequent westward extension of the WPSH. In the mid troposphere, the vertical variation of heating on the north of the WPSH was greater than the climatology, which is unfavorable for the northward movement of the WPSH. On the other hand, the vertical variation of heating south of the WPSH was largely smaller than the climatology, which is favorable for the anomalous increase of anticyclonic vorticity, leading to the southward retreat of the WPSH. Before the westward extension of the WPSH in late June 2005, the vertical variation of heating rates to (in) the west (east) of the WPSH was largely higher (lower) than the climatology, which is in favor of the increase of anticyclonic (cyclonic) vorticity to (in) the west (east) of the WPSH, inducing the subsequent westward extension of the WPSH. Similar features appeared in the lower troposphere. In a word, the heating on the north-south, east-west of the WPSH worked together, resulting in the WPSH extending more southward and westward in June 2005, which is favorable to the maintenance of the rainbelt in South China.     

The GRAPES Variational Bias Correction Scheme and Associated Preliminary Experiments

The variational assimilation theory is generally based on unbiased observations. In practice, however, almost all observations suffer from biases arising from observational instruments, radiative transfer operator, precondition of data, and so on. Therefore, a bias correction scheme is indispensable. The current scheme for radiance bias correction in the GRAPES 3DVar system is an offline scheme. It is actually a static correction for the radiance bias before the process of cost function minimization. In consideration of its effects on forecast results, this kind of scheme has some shortcomings. Thus, this study provides a variational bias correction (VarBC) scheme for the GRAPES 3DVar system following Dee’s idea. In the VarBC scheme, the observation operator is modified and a new control variable is defined by taking the predictor coefficients as the control parameters. According to the feature of the GRAPES-3DVAR, an incremental formulation is applied and the original bias correction scheme is maintained in the actual process of observations. The VarBC is designed to co-exist with the original scheme, because it is a dynamic revision to the observational operator on the basis of the old method, i.e., it adjusts the model state vector along with the control parameters to an unbiased state in the process of minimization and the assimilation system remains consistent with available information automatically. Preliminary experimental results show that the mean departures of background-minus-observation and analysis-minus-observation are reduced as expected. In a case study of the heavy rainfall that happened in South China on 11–13 June 2008, the 500-hPa geopotential height is better simulated using the analyzed field from the VarBC as the initial condition.