Comparison of particle size characteristics of the Tertiary 'red clay' and Pleistocene loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau: implications for origin and sources of the 'red clay'

The origin of the Tertiary ‘red clay’ underlying the Pleistocene loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau remains controversial, although several lines of evidence have suggested a wind‐blown origin. This study examines the particle‐size parameters of the late Miocene and Pliocene ‘red clay’ by comparing it with those of the late Pleistocene loess. The particle‐size distribution of a total of 15 339 loess and 6394 ‘red clay’ samples taken from 12 loess sections along a north–south transect and two ‘red clay’ sequences at Lingtai and Jingchuan was systematically analysed. The median grain size, skewness and kurtosis of the late Pleistocene loess all show a systematic southward change and are principally influenced by distance from source region. The spatial and temporal differentiation of dust deposits is expressed in a skewness–kurtosis–median grain size ternary diagram, from which the distance to the source region can be inferred. The particle‐size characteristics of the Tertiary ‘red clay’ sediments are very similar to those of the palaeosols within the late Pleistocene loess deposits, suggesting an aeolian origin for the ‘red clay’. Based on the comparison of ‘red clay’ and loess in the ternary diagrams, it is inferred that the source–sink distance was greater in the Neogene than in the last and penultimate interglacials, and that the dust source region in north‐western China underwent a progressive expansion during the period from at least 7·0 Ma to the present.     

青藏铁路L型挡土墙土压力的试验与分析

Considering the only retaining structure L-type retaining wall used in Golmud-Lhasa section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the earth pressure and frost-heaving force was tested in a frost-thaw circle for one year, and several different analysis models were studied. Compared with site test and theory analysis, it was found that the actual earth pressure is much larger than the designed earth pressure. Hence,a revised analysis model of earth pressure is put forward, which could include another possible force except slide triangle or frost heaving force. The model in this paper is only consider the thrust force other than failure sliding wedge. This model could be used as reference for the design and construction of similar projects.     

基于地理定位的星载InSAR去平地效应方法

介绍了一种基于地理定位原理的方法。试验结果表明，该方法可以有效的实现去平地效应处理。     

论21世纪遥感与GIS的发展

在 2 0世纪 ,人类的一大进步是实现了太空对地观测 ,即可以从空中和太空对人类赖以生存的地球通过非接触传感器的遥感进行观测 ,并将所得到的数据和信息存储在计算机网络上 ,为人类社会的可持续发展服务。在短短的 3 0年中 ,遥感和GIS作为一个边缘交叉学科已发展成为一门科学、技术和经济实体。本文深入地论述了 2 1世纪中遥感的 6大发展趋势和GIS的 5个发展特征     

Predicting strong motion parameters for the Chamoli earthquake of 28th March, 1999, Garhwal Himalaya, India, from simplified finite fault model

State of Uttaranchal in the northern part of India in the Garhwal Himalaya was hit by the Chamoli earthquake on 28th March, 1999 (GMT). This earthquake was recorded on a strong motion array installed in this region. The maximum peak ground acceleration of 353 cm/sec² was recorded at an accelerograph located at the Gopeshwar station at an approximate epicentral distance of 14 km. The simplified method of Midorikawa (1993) has been used to model finite fault responsible for causing the Chamoli earthquake. This method is based on the Empirical Green's Function (EGF) technique of Irikura (1986).Modifications in this method have been made to include layered earth model and transmission effects at each boundary by Joshi (2001). Rupture causing the Chamoli earthquake is placed in two structural models of the earth in this work: one is a homogeneous half space and other is the multi layered earth model. Comparison in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) is made between the simulated and actual strong motion parameters like peak acceleration and duration. It is seen that the introduction of multi layered earth system in this simplified technique is capable of significantly reducing the RMSE in observed and predicted strong motion parameters and defining the attenuation rate for peak ground acceleration of this earthquake.     

Testing of the IERS2000 Sub-Daily Earth Rotation Parameter Model

The differences between the new International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) 2000 and the previous IERS1996 sub-daily Earth rotation parameters (ERP) models can reach 0.1 mas (0.001 arc sec) and 0.1 mas/day. The largest differences are seen for the aliasing periods of 14.2 and 360 days, which correspond to the diurnal tidal waves of O1 and (K1, P1), respectively. Precise independent polar motion (PM) rate solutions effectively doubles the sampling rate and allows for effective testing of sub-daily ERP models and other periodical effects at the diurnal and semi-diurnal frequency bands. Since November 12, 2000, when the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Analysis Center of International GPS Service (IGS) has switched to the conventional IERS1996 sub-daily ERP model, from the older model of Herring and Dog (1994), the JPL daily PM rate solutions show no, or greatly reduced 14.2 day amplitude (O1) peaks. This confirmed that the anomalistic amplitudes at 14.2 day period seen for JPL PM solutions prior November 12, 2000 was largely due to the effects of the older sub-daily ERP model on independent PM rate solutions. As indicated by the latest IGS PM rate solutions, which were corrected for the IERS1996 and 2000 model differences, the new IERS2000 sub-daily ERP model is expected to perform equally well as the conventional IERS1996 model.     

胶州湾李村河口沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征

在胶州湾李村河口钻取两个柱状沉积物样，分层进行REE含量测定。本区沉积物REE分布模式为右倾，富集轻稀土，具中等Eu负异常，与东海、黄海等近海陆源沉积物相似。同时与崂山花岗岩REE配分特征十分相近。因此，李村河口沉积物REE地球化学特征主要是源区物质崂山花岗岩稀土配分特征的继承与发展，基本未受人类活动的影响。     

陕西旬邑新近纪红粘土微形态特征及其意义

研究证实,新近系红土的土壤微形态特征也是判断古气候,划分对比地层的可信指标之一。用此方法研究陕西旬邑下墙晚新生代剖面的新近系及第四系最底部的岩石微形态特征及古气候,可将其分为 4个大段,自下而上第1大段,约相当于 6.8～ 5.3Ma,成壤作用以弱为主,气候是在新近纪总体暖湿背景下的凉干阶段;第 2大段,相当于5.3～ 4.2Ma,成壤作用以强为主,是新近纪最为暖湿的阶段;第 3大段,约相当于 4.2～ 2.6Ma,成壤作用较弱,气候由本阶段前半期较凉干变为后半期的较暖湿;第 4大段为进入 2.6Ma的第四纪初期,成壤作用极弱,气候由新近纪的总体暖湿突然变得冷干,在四大段的基础上还可看出次一级的微形态及气候变化与波动。此外还可根据土壤微形态特征划分中、上新统及上新统、更新统的界线。     

中国大陆地壳上地幔S波品质因子三维层析成像

根据欧亚大陆及西太平洋地区58个数字地震台站2861个长周期波形记录，从中挑选出符合条件的223对经过中国大陆的双台路径记录，采用相匹配滤波和频率域维纳滤波相结合的方法，计算出双台之间的混合路径衰减系数. 对中国大陆区域进行网格划分，通过网格化反演得到中国大陆区域每个网格单元的纯路径衰减系数. 根据速度和密度模型，对每个网格单元进行深度反演，得到10～350km的S波品质因子Qβ，进而得到整个中国大陆的S波品质因子分布. 结果显示：研究区域的Qβ横向和纵向变化非常显著，能够明显区分软流圈结构，各个大构造单元的Qβ结构呈现出显著的变化. 这为解释中国大陆区域地球内部介质性质和探讨地球动力学提供了丰富的信息.