Implication of Apatite and Anhydrite for Formation of an Iron‐Oxide‐Apatite (IOA) Rare Earth Element Prospect,Benjamin River,Canada

The Benjamin River apatite prospect in northern New Brunswick, Canada, is hosted by the Late Silurian Dickie Brook plutonic complex, which is made up of intrusive units represented by monzogranite, diorite and gabbro. The IOA ores, composed mainly of apatite, augite, and magnetite at Benjamin River form pegmatitic pods and lenses in the host igneous rocks, the largest of which is 100 m long and 10–20 m wide in the diorite and gabbro units. In this study, 28 IOA ore and rock samples were collected from the diorite and gabbro units. Mineralogical observations show that the apatite–augite–magnetite ores are variable in the amounts of apatite, augite, and magnetite and are associated with minor amounts of epidote‐group minerals (allanite, REE‐rich epidote and epidte) and trace amounts of albite, titanite, ilmenite, titanomagnetite, pyrite, chlorite, calcite, and quartz. Apatite and augite grains contain small anhydrite inclusions. This suggests that the magma that crystallized apatite and augite had high oxygen fugacity. In back scattered electron (BSE) images, apatite grains in the ores have two zones of different appearance: (i) primary REE‐rich zone; and (ii) porous REE‐poor zone. The porous REE‐poor zones mainly appear in rims and/or inside of the apatite grains, in addition to the presence of apatite grains which totally consist of a porous REE‐poor apatite. This porous REE‐poor apatite is characterized by low REE (<0.84 wt%), Si (<0.28 wt%), and Cl (<0.17 wt%) contents. Epidote‐group minerals mainly occur in grain boundary between the porous REE‐poor apatite and augite. These indicate that REE leached from primary REE‐rich apatite crystallized as allanite and REE‐rich epidote. Magnetite in the ores often occurs as veinlets that cut apatite grains or as anhedral grains that replace a part of augite. These textures suggest that magnetite crystallized in the late stage. Pyrite veins occur in the ores, including a large amount of quartz and calcite veins. Pyrite veins mainly occur with quartz veins in augite. These textures indicate pyrite veins are the latest phase. Apatite–augite–magnetite ore, gabbro–quartz diorite and feldspar dike collected from the Benjamin River prospect contain dirty pure albite (Ab₉₈Or₂–Ab₁₀₀) under the microscope. The feldspar dikes mainly consist of dirty pure albite. Occurrences of the dirty pure albite suggest remarkable albitization (sodic alteration) of original plagioclase (An_25.3–An₆₀ in Pilote et al., 2012) associating with intrusion of monzogranite into gabbro and diorite. SO₄^2? bearing magma crystallized primary REE‐rich apatite, augite and anhydrite reacted with Fe in the sodic fluids, which result in oxidation of Fe²⁺ and release of S^2? into the sodic fluids. REE, Ca and Fe from primary REE‐rich apatite, augite and plagioclase altered by the sodic fluids were released into the fluids. Then Fe³⁺ in the sodic fluids precipitated as Fe oxides and epidote‐group minerals in apatite–augite–magnetite ores. Finally, residual S^2? in sodic fluids crystallized as latest pyrite veins. In conclusion, mineralization in Benjamin River IOA prospect are divided into four stages: (1) oxidized magmatic stage that crystallized apatite, augite and anhydrite; (2) sodic metasomatic stage accompanying alteration of magmatic minerals; (3) oxidized fluid stage (magnetite–epidote group minerals mineralization); and (4) reduced fluid stage (pyrite mineralization).     

A New Appraisal of Sri Lankan BB Zircon as a Reference Material for LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb Geochronology and Lu‐Hf Isotope Tracing

A potential zircon reference material (BB zircon) for laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) U‐Pb geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry is described. A batch of twenty zircon megacrysts (0.5–1.5 cm³) from Sri Lanka was studied. Within‐grain rare earth element (REE) compositions are largely homogeneous, albeit with some variation seen between fractured and homogeneous domains. Excluding fractured cathodoluminescence bright domains, the variation in U content for all analysed crystals ranged from 227 to 368 μg g^?1 and the average Th/U ratios were between 0.20 and 0.47. The Hf isotope composition (0.56–0.84 g/100 g Hf) is homogeneous within and between the grains – mean ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf of 0.281674 ± 0.000018 (2s). The calculated alpha dose of 0.59 × 10¹⁸ g^?1 for a number of BB grains falls within the trend of previously studied, untreated zircon samples from Sri Lanka. Aliquots of the same crystal (analysed by ID‐TIMS in four different laboratories) gave consistent U‐Pb ages with excellent measurement reproducibility (0.1–0.4% RSD). Interlaboratory assessment (by LA‐ICP‐MS) from individual crystals returned results that are within uncertainty equivalent to the TIMS ages. Finally, we report on within‐ and between‐grain homogeneity of the oxygen isotope systematic of four BB crystals (13.16‰ VSMOW).     

云南都龙超大型锡锌多金属矿床中闪锌矿微量及稀土元素地球化学特征

云南马关都龙锡锌多金属矿床位于滇东南老君山锡锌钨多金属成矿区南部,是我国三大锡石硫化物矿床之一,目前对其矿床成因认识存在较大分歧。本文采用ICP-MS对都龙矿床中闪锌矿微量元素及稀土元素组成进行分析,以探讨该矿床成矿作用,为甄别已有成因观点提供证据。结果表明,矿床中闪锌矿以富集Fe、Mn、In、Co、Sn和贫Cd、Ga、Ge、Ni等元素为特征,成矿温度属于中—高温,其微量元素组成与白牛厂矿床(与燕山晚期花岗岩有关的矽卡岩型矿床)中的闪锌矿非常相似,和远源矽卡岩型铅锌矿床(核桃坪和芦子园)中闪锌矿存在一定差异,明显有别于喷流沉积型铅锌矿床(云南澜沧老厂和广东大宝山)中闪锌矿。此外,该矿床闪锌矿稀土配分模式多为轻稀土元素富集中等的向右倾斜曲线,以LREE/HREE值高、Eu负异常明显和Ce异常不明显为特征,与矿区燕山晚期隐伏花岗岩稀土元素特征基本一致,成矿物质来源以矿区燕山晚期隐伏花岗岩为主。结合近期矿山开采和地质勘探所揭露的矿化和矽卡岩蚀变的垂向分带等矿床地质特征,认为云南马关都龙锡锌多金属矿床属于与燕山晚期花岗岩有关的矽卡岩型多金属矿床,其中层状矽卡岩的形成应为成矿流体顺层交代的结果,矿化类型和围岩蚀变的分带与隐伏岩体的距离有关。     

面向“未来地球”计划的区域可持续发展系统解决方案研究——对人文—经济地理学发展导向的讨论

“未来地球”计划旨在提出系统解决可持续发展问题方案的学术思想、顶层设计、核心内容、研究方法等,为人文—经济地理学研究区域可持续发展的未来走向提供了较好的借鉴意义。在分析“未来地球”核心理念的基础上,阐述了人文—经济地理学面临的发展机遇和发展定位,并探索“未来地球”计划的5 个优先事项对面向全球可持续发展问题的系统解决方案。并对区域可持续发展系统研究的目标、视角和路径进行了讨论,在此基础上,从应用基础研究和应用实践两个层次探讨了针对区域可持续发展问题的系统解决方案的学术思路。以“未来地球”研究计划为参照标尺,按照区域可持续发展系统解决方案研究的逻辑架构,从提高预测能力和评估水平、调控过程和管制模式的应用研究以及体制机制设计等3个方面,讨论了面向“未来地球”的中国人文—经济地理学发展导向。     

西秦岭北缘漳县含盐红层盆地构造分析及古构造应力场反演

对漳县含盐红层盆地的构造节理、褶皱等构造形迹进行野外观察、测量、分期配套,应用吴氏网赤平投影法来反演古构造应力场。分析表明,漳县红层盆地白垩系沉积地层形成后至少经历了4期构造活动：第一期构造应力场的最大主压应力方向为NW-SE向,第二期构造应力场的最大主压应力方向为NE-SW向,第三期构造应力场的最大主压应力方向近E-W向,第四期构造应力场的最大主压应力方向近S-N向,4期构造应力场中间主压力轴（δ2)多近于直立。反演结果显示,该区域自白垩系沉积后区域构造特征以走滑作用为主。     

考虑拱效应深基坑支护结构土压力分析

针对基坑支护结构土压力的研究以数值模拟为主,而解析理论应用需要完善研究现状,提出一种用于计算基坑支护结构土压力的解析方法。根据填土中土拱效应的作用以及土拱成形的基本理论,结合极限平衡分析方法,应用摩尔圆理论确定了基坑端壁间稳定土拱的轨迹方程,并且得到基于土拱形状所围滑裂土体的体积,确定出基坑支护结构土压力的解析表达式,最后进行了算例分析,研究结果表明土体的物理属性决定了有效滑裂土体的边界。提出的解析方法是深基坑计算土压力的一种新的解析方法。     

考虑二期荷载的高填明洞加筋减载土压力计算

随着城市建设的迅速发展,既有高填明洞填土顶面将不可避免地出现新增结构物等二期荷载的情况。为了明确明洞回填完成后新增二期荷载对其顶部垂直土压力的影响,在已有明洞减载结构土压力计算公式的基础上,利用土体沉降弹性理论计算公式建立了土工格栅变形与土体沉降变形的关系,并考虑二期荷载作用,进一步完善了高填明洞减载前后的洞顶垂直土压力计算公式。建立数值分析模型,将数值分析结果与文中公式计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：公式计算与数值分析结果较为接近,表现出相同的规律性;有无减载措施对明洞回填土压力影响较大,填土越高,减载越显著,实际作用在明洞顶土压力越小。新增二期荷载作用下的明洞顶垂直土压力计算,应考虑其对土体沉降变形的影响,而非简单叠加。     

Linking local ecological outcomes with basin-wide water planning: a case study of Yanga National Park,an important Australian inland forested wetland

Abstract

Maintaining and restoring the ecological integrity of floodplains remains a priority for many Australian federal and state government agencies. The Murray-Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) introduced the Proposed Basin Plan 2012, the Australian government’s latest basin-scale water planning instrument to promote a healthy, working river system. The proposal seeks to limit surface water (consumptive) use to 10 873 GL year^-1 on a long-term average. The controversy prompted by this proposed reduction has underscored a need for rigorous and transparent modelling of ecological benefits. In this paper, we investigate the likely ecological outcomes of the proposal for Yanga National Park, one of the most significant environmental assets in the Murray-Darling Basin, using a decision support system. Our results indicate that the proposal will increase the inundation extent with a 33% (or 7000 ha) increase in median flood. The increase in inundation would improve the hydrological conditions in most wetlands in terms of the frequency and duration of events and inter-flood dry periods and enhance the habitat quality for a range of biota, though benefits are not distributed evenly across the wetland.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor M. Acreman

Citation Wen, L. and Saintilan, N., 2014. Linking local ecological outcomes with basin-wide water planning: a case study of Yanga National Park, an important Australian inland forested wetland. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3–4), 904–915.     

沩水流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响

以红壤丘陵区沩水流域为研究区域,运用GIS空间分析及统计分析的方法,探讨了流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响。结果表明：① 林地面积百分比与电导率(COND)、综合污染指数(Pr)相关性指数分别达-1.000、-0.997,呈显著负相关;耕地面积百分比与COND、总磷(TP)及土地利用程度综合指数(La)与COND、Pr呈显著正相关。② 斑块数量(NP)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)与COND、Pr相关性指数均在0.997以上,呈显著正相关;平均斑块面积(AREA_MN)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)与COND、Pr及最大斑块指数(LPI)与TP呈显著负相关。③ 从时间上看,所选用的大部分土地景观格局指标与pH值、溶解氧(DO)在丰水期与枯水期的相关性状态相反,且枯水期土地景观格局对河流水质的影响较丰水期更为显著。     

洞庭湖周边地区第四纪红土粒度特征及环境意义

第四纪风成红土广泛分布于中国南方,与北方的黄土同为反映第四纪古环境的重要载体。基于洞庭湖周边地区10 处剖面122 个红土样品的粒度分析,对该区红土沉积特征及其反映的环境意义进行探讨。结果显示：①样品均以粉砂（4~63 μm）为优势粒级,其次为粘粒（<4 μm）,砂含量很少,并富集“风尘基本粒级”（10~50 μm）,含量达33.23%~42.23%,粒度特征与典型的黄土、下蜀黄土、加积型红土样品相似,显著不同于湘潭洪冲积红土,也区别于本区砂岩风化壳红土,表明洞庭湖西、南、东缘丘陵岗地存在风成堆积成因的中亚热带风成加积型红土。② 黄棕色土、网纹黄棕色土、均质红土、网纹红土等4 类样品的粘粒含量由高到低的排序是网纹红土 >均质红土 >网纹黄棕色土>黄棕色土;粉砂含量由高到低的排序正好相反。结合粒度参数推测,黄棕色土发育时期,沉积作用增强,粒度变粗,分选性较好;网纹红土发育时期,沉积作用较弱,风化成壤作用强,细颗粒含量增多,分选性相对较差。这可能反映了洞庭湖地区中更新世至晚更新世冬季风加强,风化减弱的气候变化过程。③ 沿冬季风主导风向（偏北风）,洞庭湖周边地区红土的M_φ、Md值（φ值）自北向南增大（变细）,风成组分（10~63 μm）百分含量随之减少,<2 μm组分百分含量自北向南略有增加。这种趋势提供了组成该地区加积型红土的粉尘由偏北向南传输的风成证据和母质风化程度向南增强的环境信息。