Geo–tectonic Position of Tin Polymetallic Mineralization Zone in the Southern Da Hinggan Mountains Area, Inner Mongolia, China: An Introduction to This Special Issue

Abstract: As a part of the main activities of Japan‐China technical cooperation project, a test survey area, approximately 5,000 km², was established for the implement of its geological and geochemical research program. A major mineralization zone called Huanggang–Ganzhuermiao–Wulanhaote Sn‐Cu polymetallic mineralization zone is recognized in the southern Da Hinggan Mountains area. The southern half of this zone is known as the sole Sn‐mineralization zone in North China. The survey area lies in this prominent zone. As the most of the papers presented in this issue have concerns to the geology and mineralization in this survey area, this report was prepared to introduce geo‐tectonic situation of the Sn‐Cu polymetallic mineralization zone in the Inner Mongolia orogenic belt. The belt is divided into four tectonic facies (from NW to SE); I: Wuliyasitai volcano‐plutonic zone, II: Hegenshan ophiolite mélange zone, III: Sunitezuoqi volcano‐plutonic zone, IV: Wenduermiao ophiolite mélange zone. The subject Sn‐Cu polymetallic mineralization zone is situated in the southeastern part of the Sunitezuoqi magmatic zone. About this Sunitezuoqi magmatic zone, three geo‐tectonic characteristics are pointed out. In late Carboniferous to early Permian period, subduction of Hegenshan oceanic crust occurred, which accelerated volcano‐plutonic activities and brought about basic to intermediate volcanic rocks of tholeiitic to calc‐alkaline series represented by Dashizhai Group in the Sunitezuoqi magmatic zone. Late Jurassic to early Cretaceous acidic rocks representing the most culminated volcanism and plutonism in Mesozoic era in the Da Hinggan Moutains area are distributed very extensively in and around the Sn‐Cu polymetallic mineralization zone. The Proterozoic metamorphic basement rocks called Xilinhaote complex are distributed close to the mineralized area in the Sunitezuoqi magmatic zone. Although the real mineralization was known associated with Mesozoic acidic to intermediate volcano‐plutonic activities, it is thought that the lower Permian Dashizhai volcanic rocks and pre‐Cambrian basement rocks might have played certain significant role in the process respectively of extraction of elements and formation of the magma favorable for such mineralization in the Sunitezuoqi magmatic zone. It would be necessary to give further considerations to these three geological units in relation to the Sn‐Cu polymetallic mineralization.     

Geology and Mineralization at the Dajing Tin-polymetallic Ore Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China

Abstract: Dajing is a large-scale tin–polymetallic ore deposit in north China with Sn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, and minor elements such as Co and In. The deposit is controlled by a passage-host structure system. Two groups of NE direction faults such as F₂ and F₁ are characterized by sinistral and multiphase activities, and the syn-ore NE faults with their derivative faults nearly in N-S direction constitute an important structure system as channelway for ore fluid. Around F₂ fault (mineralization center), metallic elements display horizontal zoning outwards from Sn, Cu to Cu, Sn, Pb, Zn, Ag and to Pb, Zn, Ag. Controlled by sinistral pull-apart vein system, the WNW direction host structure yielded the ore vein to "W" shape on horizontal plan while to staircase shape on vertical profile. Multiperiodic activities of the host structures system lead to multistage of ore mineralization. Four mineralization stages are recognized in the main mineralization, i.e. 1) cassiterite–arsenopyrite–quartz stage, 2) cassiterite-sulfide (or Cu–poly–metallic mineralization) stage, 3) massive pyrite stage, and 4) galena-sphalerite stage. Besides, fluid activities are identified here at the pre-mineral stage of the formation of quartz veins and sheared deformation, and at the post-mineral stage of quartz–calcite–fluorite deposition.
The earlier tin-rich ore solution raised from NE faults and its nearly N-S derivatives filled the NW-WNW direction fractures, and formed tin ore veins. Subsequent mineralization of Cu-polymetallic stage, pyrite stage and galena-sphalerite stage, overlapping on the same fracture system, sequentially expanded outwards from the fractures, and produced different kinds of ore types and mineralization zoning.     

柴达木盆地深层地下水成矿模式及其成矿规律

论述了柴达木盆地深层地下水成矿模式及其成矿规律。不仅剖析了深层地下水成矿的研究概况和化学成分的现今性状与时空分布规律 ;而且首次探讨了深层地下水的水文地质发育史 ,进行了古水文地质再造 ,提出了古水文地质旋回的新概念。同时 ,还揭示出“围压深埋型烃类运聚形成的石油 (气 )藏”及其“高压围限的低压区、毗邻高压区的低压区、卸压区和早熟型等 4大聚油 (气 )区”和“高山深盆浅水蒸发型盐湖富钾卤水矿床”及其“水平分带、垂向叠加效应和水型相关”等 3大成矿规律。据此 ,对于石油 (气 )藏和盐湖富钾卤水等资源开展了成矿予测 ,并且指出了勘查开发方向     

Ore-forming fluids in the dongping gold deposit, northwestern Hebei Province

The Dongping gold deposit is contained within an inner contacting zone of the Hercynian Shuiquangou alkali syenite. The ores occur as veins or as replacement bodies. Fluid inclusion observation shows that in early and main mineralizing stages inclusion types are gas and gas-liquid inclusions, respectively. Gas inclusions occur in isolation in vein quartz, their homog-enization temperature is 372-306°C, and salinity 3.7-1.0 wt% NaCl. Gas-liquid inclusions occur in clusters or healed fractures but do not cut quartz boundary with homogenization temperature 342-267°C and salinity 1.9-0.8 wt% NaCl. Stable isotope measurements show that at main gold mineralization, hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios of the mineralizing fluids are -70.8‰-108.4‰ and 2.44‰-4.05‰, respectively. Primary ore fluids in Dongping are higher temperature and lower salinity NaCl-CO₂-H₂O fluids, and come from Yanshanian granitic magmatism. Fluid im-miscibility, fluid-rock interactions and meteoric water adding were main reasons for gold deposition.     

中国金成矿的大地构造背景

指出中国金成矿的三个大地构造特征，中国第一个岩金成矿高潮的地层时代（古元古代）晚于全球第一个岩金成矿高潮的地层时代（新太古代）；中国第二个岩金成矿高潮地层时代（中生代）早于全球等二个岩金成高潮的地层时代（新生代）；全球有一个围绕北极圈的砂金成矿区，中国另有一个青藏高原砂金成矿区。     

磷块岩形成过程中的生物作用

 对我国震旦纪、寒武纪磷块岩矿床的研究表明,参与成磷作用的生物主要是菌、藻类微生物。生物作用的标志表现为:P₂O₅主要富集在叠层石磷块岩中,富集在叠层石的柱体上,富集在柱体内部的富藻纹层中;而与磷块岩共生的白云石和黄铁矿的δ¹³C值和δ³⁴S值相对均较低,则是生物参与成磷作用的同位素标志特点。生物的成磷作用贯穿成磷过程的始终,但它随作用的相带、环境和阶段不同,生物的种属和作用方式也不同,因而矿石和矿床的质量也随之而异。     

冀东燕山期花岗岩成因及其与金矿化的关系

系统论述了冀东燕山期花岗岩的岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学及岩浆演化等特征，并将本区燕山期花岗岩分为钙碱性花岗岩系列和深部地壳重熔型花岗岩，它们与金矿是同源产物。     

由铅同位素年龄计算模式的选择探讨凤─成铅锌成矿带的形成

凤（县）－成（县）铅锌成矿带由东向西铅同位素的变化趋势与赋矿围岩从泥盆系递变为三叠系相一致，显示了成矿物质的层控性；与印支期构造运动相伴的侵入岩广泛分布，且参与矿化，反映成矿与该期构造、岩浆活动有联系，这种联系可能是成矿作用具较明显时控性的重要因素。     

胶东脉型金矿成矿深度与矿体延深的模型研究

主体与岩浆成矿热液有关的、产于矿脉中的金矿体,称脉型金矿。本文以成矿深度作为脉型金矿的分类依据,胶东地区可分为中深和浅成两类脉型金矿。从成矿深度模型中,获得中深脉型金矿成矿深度的理论值主要为２．４６～３．８ｋｍ,浅成的为０．２２～２．４９ｋｍ。从矿体延深模型中,获得中深脉型金矿的延深理论值主要为０．４０２～１．００２ｋｍ,浅成的为０．１６４～０．５５８ｋｍ。论述了成矿深度与矿体延深模型的理论值为正相关,说明成矿深度的研究有重要意义。