Organic geochemistry of Cuban oils—I. The northern geological province

The isoprenoid, hopanoid and steroid compositions of 15 oils from the most productive oil fields in Cuba were studied to determine source-rock depositional environments and organic matter sources. The oils, which are from the northern geological province of Cuba and can be defined by the position with respect to the overthrust belt, can be grouped into two families: those from the Remedios (1) and those from the Placetas (2) tectonostratigraphic units.Remedios oils contain 17α(H)-diahopane, high relative amounts of 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane and diasteranes, which is indicative of generation from clay-rich source rocks. The crude oils of the Placetas Unit exhibit a sterane/hopane composition consistent with a carbonate origin. Nevertheless, these polycyclic hydrocarbons exhibit significant changes in composition, indicating that several organic matter sources, e.g. a carbonate/evaporitic origin of Varadero and Varadero Sur oils, have contributed to the oils from this Unit. The Remedios oils are more mature [evaluated from the and sterane indices] than the Placetas oils.A wide range of biodegradation levels are encountered in these oils (from 0 to 7–8 using the scale derived by Volkman et al. (1983). The high relative abundance of 25-norhopanes is a distinctive feature of Remedios oils. The presence of these compounds in lightly biodegraded or nondegraded oils corresponds to a mixing of paleobiodegraded oil with more recently sourced nondegraded oil in the reservoir. The most biodegraded oil, Cantel, exhibits and sterane ratios, and hopane ratios that have been altered by microbial attack.     

成烃理论的发展——（Ⅱ）煤成油及其初次运移模式

近几年来，我国针对侏罗系煤系地层的油气勘探，取得了重大突破。在我国西北区的一些含煤盆地中都发现了丰富油气矿藏。煤成油的勘探开发和研究，是对陆相生油理论的重大发展，本文介绍了秦匡宗提出的一种利用＾１３Ｃ ＮＭＲ谱确定油潜力碳、气潜力碳和芳构碳评价生油气潜力的新方法，以及一种煤成烃的阶段性初次运移模式。     

SM植物胶冲洗液的流变性分析与探讨

文章介绍了冲洗液的几种常见流变模式,并对这几种流变模式的流变曲线及其特点作了简单分析总结。通过多次室内试验测得SM植物胶冲洗液的各项流变参数,并根据这些参数作出它的流变曲线,通过与传统流变曲线作对比总结出SM植物胶冲洗液的流变方程表达模式为幂律模式;结合实践中常见的一些现象并通过两组不同的特征试验证明SM植物胶冲洗液为粘弹性流体而非传统观念上的假塑性流体;与传统泥浆对比试验证明SM植物胶冲洗液的流变性能优越;文章结尾对SM植物胶冲洗液的流变参数作了简单的分析讨论。     

蔬菜作物需水与节水灌溉气象服务

应用联合国粮农组织推荐的计算作物蒸散量的公式,计算了张家口坝上地区蔬菜作物的需水量;通过田间示范得出,膜下滴灌节水效果最好,其次是喷灌、再就是管灌。给出了蔬菜作物的平均需水灌溉量和不同节水模式下的灌溉量,并进行了节水灌溉调控气象服务。结果表明,按照作物需水和气象服务调控灌溉,不用投入资金可节水40%左右;工程节水加作物需水气象服务调控灌溉节水40%~70%。工程节水结合作物需水调控灌溉为最有效最经济的节水灌溉途径。     

菜地土壤和蔬菜中几种重金属的分布特征

重庆市不同区县菜地土壤和蔬菜中重金属含量差异明显。通过对不同区县土壤和蔬菜中重金属的聚类分析发现土壤中重金属含量无明显的区域分布规律，但蔬菜中重金属含量区域分布规律明显，说明蔬菜中重金属污染受大气影响明显。相关性分析表明同地点土壤和莴笋重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg均无显著相关性，说明蔬菜莴笋重金属同土壤关系不大。不同区域土壤中重金属含量差异不大，但远郊区蔬菜中重金属含量较小，可能与远郊区大气污染相对较轻有关。     

Impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in suburban area of Shiraz, Iran

This preliminary work reported here dealt with potential impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils and crops sampled along the Koshk River canal in the suburban area of Shiraz City, Iran. It also attempts to assess the extent of heavy metal contamination in soils and crops and human exposure risk. For this purpose, samples including soils and plants were collected from two wastewater irrigated sites and a tubewell-irrigated site （marked by A, B and C）. Concentrations of the six heavy metals Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr and Cu were determined by AAS. Physical and chemical properties of soil samples were also determined. The PLIs and CF for soils and HQ （Hazard quotient） for some vegetables were calculated. The results showed that organic matter content increased from 22% to 30 % in wastewater-irrigated soils as compared to tubewell water irrigated and admixture water irrigated ones. The soil pH was raised by 2 units as a result of wastewater irrigation at site A compared to sites B and C. Wastewater irrigation also result in relatively high concentrations of Ni, Pb and Zn （275.5, 441.3 and 177 mg/kg, respectively） in wastewater irrigated soils over tubewell water irrigated soils. These levels are higher than the maximum permissible limits in unpolluted soils, indicating that a degree of contamination has occurred. This was confirmed by calculated PLIs and contamination factors in soil samples, The results also showed some crops cultivated at sites A and B contained high levels of Ni and Cd beyond the maximum permissible concentrations and those cultivated at site C. The concentrations of these heavy metals are within or very close to the critical levels. HQ indices and daily intake calculated in respect of metal contents in some vegetables （spinach, lettuce and celery） showed that toxic risk due to Cd in these vegetables and crops was greater than one. This study generally concludes that although the content of heavy metals did not reach toxic level, extensive use of untreated wastewater drawn from the Koshk River has obviously increased the contamination of Ni and Pb in soils and Cd in some vegetables cultivated along the canal, causing potential health risk in the long-term scense for consumers or local residents.     

低成熟石油概念厘定及其多元多源复合连续成油特征

本文指出了低成熟石油概念和实际划分上的不统一和不规范,并给出了初步定义。另外,对低成熟石油的相关成烃母质进行了综述,在此基础上给出了低成熟成烃母质的定义,指出了低成熟石油成烃母质的多元性和油源的多源性特点,同时还指出低成熟石油是沉积有机质在地质埋藏过程中波动成烃连续模式之部分,其具有多元多源复合成烃行为和分阶段连续演化的特征。这些认识对正确评价含油气盆地中的低成熟油气资源具有重要意义。     

蔬菜外运用冰量理论计算与实例分析

利用蔬菜安全外运用冰量模式，对成都科春季节３种主要外运蔬菜、三北地区３９个发运站、６种常用车型、常规保鲜措施、铁路沿线主要站占气象条件，外运的冰量进行计算。并对一具实例进行剖析和论证，为生产部门决策用冰量提供科学依据。     

CO2气肥固体发生剂在温棚室蔬菜栽培中的应用

温棚室内Ｃ炒足是影响温棚蔬菜生产的重要因素之一。温棚人工增施ＣＯ２的方法很多，但都有一定的局限性，作者根据现在温棚室的实际情况研制出一种新型高效的ＣＯ２发生剂－－固体气肥发生剂，对比试验表明，该发生剂能使蔬菜增产２５％以上，投入产比在１：６以上，并且具有无公害的特点。