福建地区环境噪声特性研究

为进一步加强对福建地区噪声特性的认识以及提升台站地震观测质量,计算了2014年福建地震台网宽频带地震仪连续观测数据的功率谱概率密度函数,并分析其影响因素和不同频段时空变化特性。结果表明:人文噪声平均水平最高地区位于福建沿海福州至厦门一带,07:00—18:00的功率谱密度要明显高于其它时间段,12:00左右出现间歇性低谷期,夜间有不同程度的降低,日变化除了在春节假期大幅下降外,均处于较为稳定态势;福建地区次级微震主要成分是Rayleigh波,主频约为2.7 s,主微震主频约为16 s,次级微震平均水平最高地区也位于沿海一带,向内陆方向呈衰减趋势,其日变化明显,与台风和潮高有较高的相关性。     

基于三维应变格林函数反演中小震震源机制

随着复杂速度结构反演的发展和高性能计算能力的提升,基于高精度3D介质模型计算格林函数反演震源机制更具可行性。中小地震因具有更好的覆盖和近似点源效应,在区域结构成像中有着广泛的应用。基于波形类的反演方法如波动方程层析成像\,全波形反演都需要震源机制解,而传统的震源机制反演方法不能很好地应用于中小地震。采用有限差分法构建应变格林张量(Strain Green Tensor,SGT)数据库,将合成波形和实际波形按震相截窗并滤波到不同的频带范围,先通过最小化互相关走时差来进行震源重定位,再通过最小化波形残差反演震源机制。通过合成数据测试验证方法的正确性,随后将该方法应用于青藏高原东部边缘龙门山地区,反演一系列M_W3.4～5.7的中小地震震源机制。由于应变格林张量数据库可预先构建,该方法可以应用于(近)实时震源机制解反演。     

与高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中铝的缓冲作用的计算机模拟

基于质量守恒以及电中性条件,采用化学平衡计算法,计算模拟研究了高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中铝的缓冲作用对ｐＨ值,酸中和容量ＡＮＣ和缓冲强度β的影响,讨论了影响酸性地表水ｐＨ估算的各种因素,如溶解硅酸的浓度,溶解总无机碳的浓度,溶解总氟和总有机碳的浓度及温度等。模型被用于实际水样的分析,所得结果与实验值符合较好,用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟考察了由于平衡常数的选择以及水化学参数测量误差而带来的不确     

低纬高原雹云识别物元可拓模型及效果检验

雹云识别是一个多参数的模式识别问题,应用物元可拓思想将单参数雹云识别的不相容性转化为相容性问题。在与成都地区雹云识别的物元可拓模型进行对比后,根据低纬高原地形及气候特点,通过适当增加参数,构造完成低纬高原雹云识别的物元可拓模型,以此进行雹云识别,准确率达86％以上。     

Optimal design of SDOF envelope systems for the responses of MDOF dynamic systems

The concept of envelope system for a given dynamic system is proposed in this paper which refers to those systems whose module of transfer function in the whole range of frequency domain is always bigger than that of a given system. This concept opens a new way to study the problems of robust design and modelling for dynamic systems. The condition that an envelope system has to satisfy is rendered as the determination of the positiveness of a real polynomial function and Sturm's sequence method is used to establish an easily implemented criterion for evaluating the positiveness of the polynomial in terms of its coefficients. The optimization for the envelope system is expressed as the minimization of the 2-norm of its transfer function and simplex method is employed to search for the optimal solution. Two dynamic systems are used to illustrate the optimal design for the envelope systems of some of their responses. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How well do indicator variograms capture the spatial connectivity of soil moisture?

Indicators are binary transforms of a variable and are 1 or 0, depending on whether the variable is above or below a threshold. Indicator variograms can be used for a similar range of geostatistical estimation techniques as standard variograms. However, they are more flexible as they allow different ranges for small and large values of a hydrological variable. Indicator geostatistics are also sometimes used to represent the connectivity of high values in spatial fields. Examples of connectivity are connected high values of hydraulic conductivity in aquifers, leading to preferential flow, and connected band-shaped saturation zones in catchments. However, to the authors' knowledge the ability of the indicator approach to capture connectivity has never been shown conclusively. Here we analyse indicator variograms of soil moisture in a small south-east Australian catchment and examine how well they can represent connectivity. The indicator variograms are derived from 13 soil moisture patterns, each consisting of 500–2000 point TDR (time domain reflectometry) measurements. Winter patterns are topographically organized with long, thin, highly connected lines of high soil moisture in the drainage lines. In summer the patterns are more random and there is no connectivity of high soil moisture values. The ranges of the 50^th and 90^th percentile indicator semivariograms are approximately 110 and 75 m, respectively, during winter, and 100 and 50 m, respectively, during summer. These ranges indicate that, compared with standard semivariograms, the indicator semivariograms provide additional information about the spatial pattern. However, since the ranges are similar in winter and in summer, the indicator semivariograms were not able to distinguish between connected and unconnected patterns. It is suggested that new statistical measures are needed for capturing connectivity explicitly. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于“功能节点—关键廊道”的城市生态安全格局构建——以深圳市为例

城市生态安全格局构建是综合协调生态保护与经济发展的重要举措,对于合理配置有限的生态资源并最大限度发挥其生态作用具有重要意义。本文以深圳市为例,在生态功能节点识别的基础上,结合景观的生态系统服务价值,根据耗费距离模型,生成生态功能耗费表面,并进行最短路径网络分析,在此基础上提取核心斑块、关键生态廊道。结果表明：各景观类型的生态阻力值,林地阻力最小,且远小于其他景观类型生态阻力值;生态功能耗费梯度表面的分布呈现围绕生态功能节点向周围辐散递减的趋势,东部地区较西部西南部建成区低;核心斑块的大小和形状均存在不同程度的差异,较大的斑块集中分布在东部地区,且对应的节点级别较高;所识别的关键廊道共有4条,空间位置大体上落在基本生态控制线内,羊台山向塘朗山的廊道外缘与基本生态控制线存在冲突,需要对该区域加以管控。建议一方面适时调整生态控制线范围并将冲突部分纳入生态控制线之内,另一方面对该地区进行必要的监管和保护,防止受到进一步破坏。     

多点地质统计学建模研究进展

从精细油藏描述中地质建模的意义和现状入手,介绍了多点地质统计学建模研究现状及其与传统地质建模方法的差 异。以辽河盆地西部凹陷某蒸汽驱试验区为例,分析了多点地质统计学建模中建模的基础、训练图像的建立、多点地质统计学 建模与传统地质建模相比所具有的优势等内容。指出多点地质统计学在井间预测方面具有明显优于其他传统建模方法的特 点。在文献调研基础上,结合自身工作实践,探讨了多点地质统计学建模目前存在的问题和未来的发展方向。指出未来多点 地质统计学建模的发展方向主要包括多信息综合地质成因分析基础上的训练图像获取、多点地质统计学算法进行改进和完善 和多点地质统计学建模方法应用领域的扩大等。     

利用接收函数方法研究青藏高原东南部地壳结构

青藏高原东南部作为板块碰撞的前缘地带一直是地球科学研究的热点,为了揭示碰撞前缘地带地壳结构特征,作者 利用布设在中国青藏高原东南部的38个宽频带流动台站记录的2487条远震P波接收函数,采用接收函数CCP叠加（共转换点 叠加）和H-κ叠加两种方法获得了研究区域详细的地壳厚度图像和泊松比值。研究结果显示：两种方法获得的地壳厚度特征 具有较好的一致性;青藏高原东南部地壳厚度存在明显的东西差异和南北差异;喜马拉雅构造区内莫霍面深度变化较大, 介于65~80 km之间;拉萨地体内莫霍面深度介于72~80 km之间;雅鲁藏布缝合带两侧地壳厚度突变,缝合带北侧和南侧地 壳厚度相差约8 km。研究区域平均泊松比值较小,为0.24,和大多数造山带泊松比偏低的特征类似。研究区域中下地壳广 泛存在强转换界面,该界面可能对应中下地壳高速层的上界面,埋深40~70 km,表明壳内发生深熔或部分熔融作用,导致 壳内发生重力分异,在中下地壳形成了高速薄层。     

Measuring capital value in a commercial fishery: A distance function approach

The term “overcapitalized” is frequently used to describe the condition of various fisheries, and to explain why a fishery is in poor condition from a stock status perspective. Often, the concept of overcapitalization is associated with the number of active vessels in a fishery. Although vessel counts are important, they do not fully capture investment or disinvestment in a fishery, and only serve as a crude proxy for a richer concept of fishing capital. A better measure to judge whether overcapitalization is occurring would be the change in capital value for vessels operating, or permitted in a fishery, relative to a benchmark value. Unfortunately, data do not always exist to measure vessel value and associated changes through time. This study presents a method for calculating vessel capital value using a distance function, publicly available vessel sale price data, and non-parametric programming methods. Estimates of value for vessel attributes returned by the distance function are then used to estimate a total value for currently permitted vessels in the northeast region of the United States, and to construct a capital value index for vessels active in the squid, mackerel and butterfish (SMB) fishery between 1996 and 2016. Findings show that the total value of commercially permitted vessels in the northeast region is estimated to be between $606.6 and $769.7 million ($2016). Based on the constructed capital value index, the SMB fishery has undergone a period of disinvestment marked by both declining vessel numbers and capital value.