A new analytical expression for ultimate specific yield and shallow groundwater drainage

The ultimate specific yield, i.e. the specific yield under steady‐state condition, is generally dependent on the water table depth in the shallow groundwater systems. This paper presents a new expression to describe this relationship. The expression is based on the relationship between soil water content–soil depths below ground surface near the saturation zone, i.e. water content profile, which can be fitted by the van Genuchten model. Because this model is highly nonlinear, a Taylor series expansion was used to solve the integral equation for specific yield in our study. The new expression was verified by a drainage experiment, and the results demonstrated that the new expression is reliable for eolian sand when the range of water table fluctuation is less than 30 cm. The expression is easily applicable because knowledge of the water content profile near the saturation zone is the only requirement. Compared with the expression obtained from the Brooks–Corey model, the new expression can be used for a variety of aquifer and soil media. The improved accuracy of the specific yield provides a better estimate of discharge rates in shallow groundwater systems with water table fluctuations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内蒙孪井灌区包气带土壤水分特征研究

采用非饱和导水率仪测定了内蒙古孪井灌区土壤样品的负压值和含水量变化,该方法能够完整记录土壤脱水过程,得到土壤水分特征曲线。根据van Genuchten模型及其修正模型对土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合,并比较2种模型其拟合值与实测值的差异。研究结果表明,van Genuchten模型能更好的拟合孪井地区的各种土壤,表层砂壤土水分特征曲线形状相同;另外,表层土饱和含水量相近,黏粒含量越高,土壤的残余含水量越大。     

Evaluation of weathering-resistance classes in clastic rocks on the example of Polish sandstones

The scope of the paper is an attempt at the identification of the weathering-resistance classes within clastic rocks by means of analysis of capillary pressure saturation curves. The porosimetric parameters corresponding to the cementing character and the grains’ mineralogical content are very important features of stone building materials, because of the weathering processes. The analysed rocks were Polish sandstones and muddy sandstones used for building purposes, collected from different geological units of Poland (i.e. Sudety Mts. Carpathian Mts. and Holy Cross Mts.) The results indicate the usefulness of sandstone materials for building purposes. They could also be used in conservation procedures and for the reconstruction of existing buildings and monuments. Basing on the parameterisation, with the van Genuchten function, of cumulative capillary pressure saturation curves, it was possible to distinguish four groups of the sampled rocks. The lithological features and weathering sustainability within the groups are quite uniform, what allow identifying the weathering resistance classes. Taking into account the complicated nature of all the factors influencing weathering processes, it is supposed that the presented parameterisation could be a useful tool for weathering-resistance classification of clastic rocks. The classification could be useful in building industry and in conservation of historical stone monuments.     

粒子间势力对单分散稳定系统粒子沉降的影响

粒子间势力的存在,对于悬浮粒子系统的沉降过程的影响,是一个尚未很好解决的问题,其中的一个关键难题是粒子间势的问题。本文对以往围绕此问题的研究工作——包括模型方法和采用势的近似表达式的直接计算方法做了分析,进而提出了对稳定系统中粒子间势力的处理方法,计算了势力对单分散系统沉降系数的影响,并与实验做了比较。结果表明,文中提出的处理方法能够成立,较之以往的方法更为完善。     

多分散低Peclet数稳定具势系统中粒子的沉降

特殊函数展开法被用于解决多分散具势悬浮体系中粒子的沉降问题。以Legendre多项式为基对对分布函数做展开,导出了计算对分布函数的递推公式,形式上给出了沉降系数的积分公式。文献[9]对粒子间势的处理方法被用于问题的进一步研究。结果表明,具势粒子系统的沉降较硬粒子情况更为复杂。粒子间势对粒子的沉降有重要影响,当双电荷层厚度小于某一临界值时,系统会从稳定的变成不稳定的,从阻滞沉降转化成加速沉降。     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤水分特征曲线模型分析与比较

应用压力膜仪对塔里木沙漠公路防护林地0~150 cm范围的土层进行土壤水分特征曲线的脱水试验,并选取Gardner模型和VG模型对实测数据进行了拟合分析与比较。结果表明:(1)实测的土壤水分特征曲线可准确地反映土壤结构的差异性,各土层的曲线特征与其基本物理性质一一对应,即容重较小、粉粘粒含量较多的土层其持水性较强,饱和含水率和凋萎含水率也较高;物理性差异小的土层间,其土壤水力性质接近。(2)由VG模型得到的土壤饱和含水率均值为0.429 cm³· cm^-3,凋萎含水率均值为0.040 cm³· cm^-3。由Gardner模型得到的各土层由于各层的物理性状差异造成持水性由强到弱,依次为0~5 cm, 40~60 cm, 100~150 cm, 60~100 cm, 5~40 cm;土壤易效水与难效水的平均临界点水势值为1.5×10⁵ Pa,均值凋萎含水率对应的水势值为15.0×10⁵ Pa。以上结果均较符合砂质土地的实际情况。(3)两种模型均可用于拟合防护林沙质土的土壤水分特征曲线,但VG模型在低吸力段的拟合精度较高, Gardner模型在中吸力段的拟合精度稍高,整体上, VG模型的模拟效果优于Gardner模型。旨在揭示高矿化度咸水滴灌条件下塔里木沙漠公路防护林不同土层的土壤水分曲线特征及其最优拟合模型,为之后开展区域水盐运移数值模拟等研究提供理论依据。     

One‐dimensional expression to calculate specific yield for shallow groundwater systems with microrelief

Although the importance to account for microrelief in the calculation of specific yields for shallow groundwater systems is well recognized, the microrelief influence is often treated very simplified, which can cause considerable errors. We provide a general one‐dimensional expression that correctly represents the effect of a microrelief on the total specific yield that is composed of the soil and surface specific yield. The one‐dimensional expression can be applied for different soil hydraulic parameterizations and soil surface elevation frequency distributions. Applying different van Genuchten parameters and a simple linear microrelief model, we demonstrate that the specific yield is influenced by the microrelief not only when surface storage directly contributes to specific yield by (partial) inundation but also when water levels are lower than the minimum surface elevation. Compared with a simplified representation of the soil specific yield, in which a mean soil surface is assumed for the calculation of soil specific yield, the correct representation can lead to lower as well as higher soil specific yields depending on the specific interaction of the soil water retention characteristics and the microrelief. The new equation can be used to obtain more accurate evapotranspiration estimates from water level fluctuations and to account for the effect of microtopographic subgrid variability on simulated water levels of spatially distributed hydrological models. Copyright © 2015 The Authors Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

黑龙江省一次强降水的动力强迫作用分析

利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站加密观测资料、FY 4卫星云图、新一代天气雷达、ECMWF细网格、GRAPES_MESO及NECP的1°×1°再分析资料,分析2019年8月6日08:00至8日08:00,黑龙江省中部和西南部的强降水过程动力机制,以及引发的降水性质和降水分布特征。结果表明：①强降水过程共分3个阶段2种性质：与冷涡相连的鞍形场的对流云降水;鞍形场和增强暖锋共同作用的混合云和对流云降水;台风“范斯高”残涡作用下,改变云系移动路径形成的对流云降水。②冷涡、副热带高压、台风的相互作用,是该过程产生的根本原因;副热带高压和台风外围暖湿气流配合冷涡冷空气,为强降水提供水汽和不稳定条件;狭窄的水汽输送通道造成了强降水的空间不连续性;低层辐合线为强降水提供触发条件;鞍形场的稳定结构、大小兴安岭南麓强迫抬升、台风系统阻挡延长强降水的持续时间。     

High aspect ratio (L/D) riser VIV prediction using wake oscillator model

A two-dimensional (2-D) vortex-induced vibration (VIV) prediction model for high aspect ratio (L/D) riser subjected to uniform and sheared flow is studied in this paper. The nonlinear structure equations are considered. The near wake dynamics describing the fluctuating nature of vortex shedding is modeled using classical van der Pol equation. A new approach was applied to calibrate the empirical parameters in the wake oscillator model. Compared the predicted results with the experimental data and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) results. Good agreements are observed. It can be concluded that the present model can be used as simple computational tool in predicting some aspects of VIV of long flexible structures.