山西七元矿岩溶水赋存运移特征及底板突水分析

七元煤矿位于山西省寿阳县东部,主釆煤层为太原组15号煤,煤层底板之下的奥灰岩溶水对釆煤存在潜在危胁。为此对该矿区奥灰岩溶水的赋存运移特征及15号煤层底板突水情况进行分析,结果显示：井田位于区域奥灰水径流区的中部,,径流条件较好;15号煤层的水位线总体特征为北西部高,东南部低,地下水自西北至东南径流。经计算,采区的突水系数为0.047MPa/m,推测该区碱奥灰岩溶水对15号煤层的开釆没有影响。     

断层构造对煤层底板突水的影响分析

在原岩应力、地质构造、地下水等因素基础上,从应力场和渗流场共同作用的角度出发,研究含底板岩体在内的采场岩体系统的变形与破坏。研究结果表明,随着工作面向前推进,底板岩层的破坏深度和范围逐渐增加,底板岩层中水平应力低于承压水压力的深度也逐步增大。随着开挖接近断层,断层对应力分布情况的影响越来越明显,最终在断层处造成突水。为了预防底板突水的发生,合理留设防水煤岩柱是必要的工程措施。     

金沙江某水电站上下坝址岩体卸荷差异研究

在河流下切、斜坡成坡过程中,斜坡应力场不断调整和适应坡体的变化,表浅部岩体在应力变化过程中往坡外发生卸荷,在同一地区岩体卸荷深度应当相差不大。而在西南某水电站相隔仅1.4km上下坝址勘察过程中发现,两坝址岩体卸荷深度却存在较大差异,上坝址岩体卸荷深度在20m以上,最大深度达到90m;下坝址岩体卸荷深度仅为5~20m。,通过现场调查及数值模拟成果表明,上下坝址岩层方位是两坝址岩体卸荷差异的决定性因素,上坝址为顺向坡,岩层走向与边坡走向平行,倾角较陡的岩层形成拉裂面,易于风化营力的侵入,岩体卸荷深度大;下坝址为横向坡,岩层走向与边坡走向近于垂直,岩体强度远大于岩层面的强度,且平行坡向的结构面数量少,岩体卸荷深度在20m以内。     

疏勒河流域昌马灌区地下水资源数值模拟

应用有限差分方法,采用不规则多边形剖分,对昌马冲洪积扇区地下水资源数量的变化趋势进行了模拟计算。结果表明,该灌区地下水的补给,将由现状以河水入渗补给为主变为以农灌水入渗补给为主,主要补给区由南部洪积扇区移至北部细土平原区;天然排泄量减少,人工排泄占有重要地位,地下水排泄的重心也和补给一样向北迁移;地下水均衡状况将由现状的基本均衡变为负均衡,年均收支逆差2 288亿m3;地下水位总体持续下降,局部略有上升。     

玛纳斯河流域地貌与地下水的关系

以玛纳斯河流域为例,研究地貌和地下水的特点及其关系。结果表明,水文地质单元的界线明显与地貌单元的界线一致,地下水的类型、贮存和循环方式受地貌单元的控制。形成这种现象的原因是,地貌单元内第四纪沉积物的岩性、厚度、密度和裂隙等决定了地下水的赋存状态和循环方式。     

Numerical Simulation of the 1999 Yangtze River Valley Heavy Rainfall Including Sensitivety Experiments with Different SSTA

With the IAP/LASG GOALS model,the heavy rainfall of the summer of 1999 in the Yangtze River valley is simulated with observational sea surface temperature (SST).Comparing the simulations of 1999 with the corresponding ones of 1998 and the sensitivity experiments with different sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) at different ocean regions,the relationships between the floods in the Yangtze River valley and the SSTA in the Pacific and Indian Oceans are studied.The results show that the positive SSTAin the tropical Indian Ocean are a major contributor to the heavy rainfall and may be a very important index to predict the heavy rainfall over the Yangtze River valley in the summer.The simulations also show that the relationships between the SSTA in the tropical eastern Pacific and the heavy rainfall in the Yangtze River valley are very complicated,and the heavy rainfall in the Yangtze River valley can occur in both a decaying and an intensifying El Ninio event and also in a La Nina event.However,the different SSTA of different periods in the above three cases play different parts.     

Internal Structure of the Incised Valley Fill in the Hangzhou Bay, Eastern China and Its Geological Implications

This paper presents the sedimentary facies and formation of the Qiantangjiang and Taihu incised valleys, and the characteristics of shallow gas reservoir distribution, based on a large number of data of drilling, static sounding and chemical analysis obtained from the present Hangzhou Bay coastal plain. The incised valleys were formed during the last glacial maximum and were subsequently filled with fluvial facies during the post-glacial period. All commercial gases are stored in the flood plain sand lenses of the incised valleys.     

Boundary layer characteristics and turbulent exchange mechanisms in highly complex terrain

The Mesoscale Alpine Programme’s Riviera project investigated the turbulence structure and related exchange processes in an Alpine valley by combining a detailed experimental campaign with high-resolution numerical modelling. The present contribution reviews published material on the Riviera Valley’s boundary layer structure and discusses new material on the near-surface turbulence structure. The general conclusion of the project is that despite the large spatial variability of turbulence characteristics and the crucial influence of topography at all scales, the physical processes can accurately be understood and modelled. Nevertheless, many of the “text book characteristics” like the interaction between the valley and slope wind systems or the erosion of the nocturnal valley inversion need reconsideration, at least for small non-ideal valleys like the Riviera Valley. The project has identified new areas of research such as post-processing methods for turbulence variables in complex terrain and new approaches for the surface energy balance when advection is non-negligible. The exchange of moisture and heat between the valley atmosphere and the free troposphere is dominated by local “secondary” circulations due to the curvature of the valley axis. Because many curved valleys exist, and operational models still have rather poor resolution, parameterization of these processes may be required.     

松辽盆地盆西斜坡白垩系姚家组下切谷充填结构

白垩纪青山口组沉积末期至姚家组沉积初期,松辽盆地发生了湖平面大幅度下降,湖区大规模萎缩,形成了SSQq-qn和SSQy-n之间的二级层序界面.这一时期,西部斜坡普遍暴露,缺失了三级层序SQqn4和SQy1地层,并在齐齐哈尔古水系的作用下在西部斜坡的北部形成了下切谷.下切谷长约70km,宽约20km,呈NW-SE延伸.在SQy23层序水进域,下切谷逐渐被充填.下切谷发育区SQy23水进域的地层厚度明显高于相邻区域,在沉积走向上的高地层厚度梯度带反映了下切谷的边界.下切谷充填序列具有多期旋回性特征,一个完整的短期充填旋回的底界为侵蚀面,侵蚀面之上依次发育泥砾岩、具交错层理含陆源砾石和泥砾中-细粒砂岩、具波纹层理粉砂质泥岩和泥岩.充填下切谷的不同短期旋回的砂体在空间上具有叠瓦状结构.在倾向剖面上,砂体沿下切谷底界面逐层叠置超覆,向盆地方向分叉并尖灭在泥岩中,反映了河-湖共同作用.在横剖面上,砂体呈透镜状错叠.早期的砂体主要发育于相对深谷部位,相对高部位以泥质充填为主,后期的砂体不受原始深谷限制.在SQy23最大湖泛期,下切谷内以泥质充填为主.      

A review of adverse effects of damping in seismic isolation

In this paper the question of possible adverse effects of damping in seismic isolation because of higher mode response is investigated by means of simple models with a few degrees of freedom (DOF). In particular the second mode response of a 2 DOF system is examined in detail for both viscous and hysteretic (e.g. friction or elastoplastic) damping devices. Qualitative and approximate quantitative estimates are obtained by neglecting the influence of the modal coupling terms, due to viscous damping or friction forces, on the first mode response. It is shown that additional viscous damping has a diminishing effect on base displacement, storey shear force and floor spectra values in the vicinity of the first mode resonance. However, a significant amplification of the floor spectra values near the higher mode frequencies may occur. In accordance with the results of previous works, compared with the viscous damping case, hysteretic damping amplifies moderately the first storey shear force and significantly the upper storeys shear force. It also results, in a much more pronounced amplification of the floor spectral values than viscous damping, in the vicinity of the higher eigenfrequencies. However, the higher modes' response is milder if a realistic velocity dependence of the friction coefficient is taken into account. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.