内昆铁路沿河谷地段主要工程地质问题与线路方案的地质比选研究

内昆铁路为国家I级单线铁路,北起成渝铁路的内江站、南至昆明,其中云南水富至贵州梅花山段为新建段,全长357.643 km。新建河谷段不良地质极其发育,主要分布于水富至大关段,影响和控制着线路方案选择的主要工程地质问题有滑坡、岩堆、危岩落石、泥石流、“顺层”等。内昆线在勘察设计中,对河谷(大型)不良地质体及集中发育分布地段线路方案进行了由浅入深、由宏观至局部的方案研究和比选,采取了“裁弯取直”、“内移作隧”、“外移设桥”等不同工程类型的方案比选,方案多采取绕避。对一些难以绕避的,采取对通过该处具体线位的比选,选择有利于稳定的方案,并采取桩、锚索、挡墙等工程防治措施;比选累计长度逾50 km,在线路方案选择中充分考虑地质因素,仅因地质问题提出的改线地段达20余处,充分体现了地质选线的重要性。内昆线施工开挖揭示及结合竣工工程现状,表明河谷地段线路方案的工程地质比选是合理的,工程措施是有效和可行的。     

Hydrogeological evolution of the Luni river basin,Rajasthan, western India: A review

The Luni river basin has been evolved as a result of typical hydrogeomorphic processes of arid zone, operating under the influence of active tectonic lineaments. A detailed analysis of stream morphology in relation to geology and lineaments carried out on selected windows indicated the morphological control of the streams while flowing over the lineaments from the eastern to the western part of the basin. Typical valley fills indicated by dark green tone on digitally processed images and the pediments showing greenish white tone appear in sharp contrast and indicate respectively the graben and horst structures. A detailed identification of lineaments for the georesources and geological evaluation has been carried out. Earlier analysis carried out on Bouguer anomalies correlate with graben and horst structures in the subsurface. Quaternary sequences have been dated from 80 ka to 3 ka indicating a range of fluvial to aeolian deposits reflecting prevailing climatic conditions. However, the changes in sediment type from coarse and mixed of all size grades to fine in a vertical litho-column warrant further studies on fine resolution stratigraphy and high resolution stratigraphy for understanding climatic variations in the region     

岷江柏林下土壤养分特征及种群间差异分析

对现存于川西6个县的岷江柏林下土壤养分状况及其空间差异性比较研究表明，土壤表层（0～20em）有机质、全N、全P、碱解N、速效P、速效K和阳离子交换量均以马尔康居群最高，其次为金川、小金、丹巴居群，理县和茂县居群较低，土壤全K和土壤pH恰好相反，茂县居群较大，马尔康居群较小。从土壤的垂直变化看，除全K和土壤pH外，其它土壤养分均为表土层大于底土层。从相关性分析看，岷江柏林下土壤全N、全P、碱解N、速效P和CEC与土壤有机质呈极显著相关，土壤速效养分主要受全量养分控制，土壤养分指标地理空间差异较大，通过岷江柏林土壤养分指标的相关性分析，马尔康岷江柏居群土壤养分指标综合性能最好，其次为理县、金川、丹巴、小金岷江柏居群，最差的为茂县岷江柏居群。岷江柏林下养分差异是植被状况、地形条件、保护管理措施和人为干扰状况等多种因素综合作用的结果。     

山前冲积平原地下水开发利用及保护探讨

本文以山东省宁阳县城东区地下水开发利用情况为例。科学分析了山前冲积平原大量开采地下水引起的区域地下水环境变化，并提出了遏制地下水环境恶化的措施，采取节流与补源并举，严格控制地下水超采。     

祁连山-黑河流域水循环中的大气过程

利用气象台站探空资料、地面观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析气候资料,分析了祁连山-黑河流域水循环中的大气过程,结果表明:受西风带波动影响的水汽来源贫乏是此区大气水汽含量少的原因之一;水汽输送通量辐散是此区大气水汽含量少的原因之二;就年平均而言,祁连山-黑河流域大气水汽含量仅为高湿的江南地区的20%,为半干旱区的华北中部的约40%;高海拔的祁连山区因降水效率高,地面蒸发量小,地表水物质易于聚积形成径流;黑河流域因降水效率低,降水量值与地面蒸发量值相当,对地表水的贡献很小。在祁连山黑河流域25°×25°区域上空,大气年输入水量为6678亿m3,输出为6502亿m3,净输入水量为176亿m3;输入水汽呈逐年减少的趋势。20世纪70～80年代有明显的下降,近40年来祁连山黑河流域的气温在升高,大气中的水汽含量在减少,降水量的减少将难以避免。     

生态环境地质调查与3S技术应用——以川南安宁河流域生态环境地质调查为例

通过历时2年的安宁河流域生态环境地质调查试点,结合大量前人资料和多时段的遥感解译成果综合分析,充分利用3S技术和信息技术,探索和总结出一套针对性、实用性和可操作性很强的生态环境地质调查与评价方法体系,为编制生态环境地质调查技术要求打下了良好的基础,也为其他地区生态环境地质调查提供可借鉴的经验和示范。系统全面地阐述了生态环境地质调查特点、思路、体系构架和3S技术的应用,重点阐述了RS在生态环境地质调查中的应用、GIS技术在生态环境地质评价中的应用以及生态环境地质GIS空间数据库的建立。     

Factors Controlling Seismic Susceptibility of the Sele Valley Slopes: The Case of the 1980 Irpinia Earthquake Re-Examined

Most of the documented slope failures triggered by the 1980 Irpinia earthquake (M_s 6.9) occurred in the upper Sele valley epicentral area (southern Italy). The early investigations revealed some puzzling characteristics of the slope failure distribution, i.e., (i) the higher landslide concentration on the valley slopes located farther away from the earthquake fault; (ii) the predominance of re-activations over first-time movements. The analyses of factors controlling the landslide concentrations indicates that the differences in hydrological setting and in slope were the two main causal factors whereas the seismic shaking, according to the radiation pattern modelling, could have been characterised by a relatively low rate of decrease across the valley. The aspect of the slopes did not play a significant role. The differences in groundwater conditions between the western and eastern valley sides were probably enhanced by the earthquake. In addition to the probable pore-water pressure rise, the seismic shaking caused large increases in the flow of springs draining the western aquifer, and this made the adjacent flysch slopes more prone to landsliding. Data from the available literature suggest that the effects of earthquake-induced groundwater release on seismic landslide distribution is especially important for normal-fault events. The Sele valley case also indicates that the slope of the pre-existing landslides is an important factor controlling their susceptibility to seismic re-activations.     

云南干热河谷特色农业开发

云南是一个山原省份，河谷盆地是农业发展的最适宜地区，由于部份河谷盆地存在干热气候，坡在退化，生态环境恶化等自然障碍，以及受农业基础设施薄弱的制约，使得传统农业明显欠发达；同时干热河谷地区又具有光热与土地等自然资源优势条件，适宜发展特色作农业和反季节农业。在农业产业结构调整优化的发展形势下，需要开展区域特色农业建设以实现农业开发效益的提高和农业生态环境的改善，提出具体的分区开发方向和相关产业化措施。     

西藏帕隆藏布河谷崩塌滑坡、泥石流的分布规律

西藏帕隆藏布河谷崩塌滑坡、泥石流灾害严重。崩塌滑坡、泥石流的分布 ,因谷坡坡向的水热条件差异而导致坡向差异 ,因地貌发育和形态的沿程分异显现沿程差异 ,因其促发条件的差异又显现灾种差异。采用有序样品最优分割和方差分析等定量方法 ,揭示了崩塌滑坡、泥石流的差异性分布规律 :全河段可分为上游峡谷泥石流密集段 ,中游宽谷泥石流及崩塌滑坡较密集段 ,和下游、拉月曲峡谷崩塌滑坡、泥石流极密集段 ;北岸崩塌滑坡和泥石流比南岸数量多、规模大 ;崩塌滑坡有向下游增大增多之趋势。进而对道路平面选线原则提出了建议。     

A procedure for landslide susceptibility zonation by the conditional analysis method

Numerous methods have been proposed for landslide probability zonation of the landscape by means of a Geographic Information System (GIS). Among the multivariate methods, i.e. those methods which simultaneously take into account all the factors contributing to instability, the Conditional Analysis method applied to a subdivision of the territory into Unique Condition Units is particularly straightforward from a conceptual point of view and particularly suited to the use of a GIS. In fact, working on the principle that future landslides are more likely to occur under those conditions which led to past instability, landslide susceptibility is defined by computing the landslide density in correspondence with different combinations of instability factors. The conceptual simplicity of this method, however, does not necessarily imply that it is simple to implement, especially as it requires rather complex operations and a high number of GIS commands. Moreover, there is the possibility that, in order to achieve satisfactory results, the procedure has to be repeated a few times changing the factors or modifying the class subdivision. To solve this problem, we created a shell program which, by combining the shell commands, the GIS Geographical Research Analysis Support System (GRASS) commands and the gawk language commands, carries out the whole procedure automatically. This makes the construction of a Landslide Susceptibility Map easy and fast for large areas too, and even when a high spatial resolution is adopted, as shown by application of the procedure to the Parma River basin, in the Italian Northern Apennines.