沟系土壤地球化学测量在内乡韭菜沟矿区勘查中的应用

通过在韭菜沟矿区的沟系土壤地球化学测量工作,发现了一批有价值的地球化学异常,结合地层、岩性、构造等有利控矿因素,对金、银、砷、汞、锑地球化学异常区的找矿潜力进行分析,说明砷、汞、锑异常对金矿化有一定的指示意义。进一步明确找矿方向,缩小找矿范围,圈定了3个找矿靶区,对各靶区实施山地工程验证,取得了较好的找矿效果,证明沟系土壤地球化学测量方法在地质勘查中具有明显的找矿效果,为进一步的地质工作提供了科学依据。     

转折型沟谷对地震崩塌体块石拦截效果分析

在现场调查和统计的基础上,分析了青川县东河口地震型崩塌体200余块块石沿转折型沟谷的分布特征和各不同体积组块石的分布特征.提出块石拦截率概念,并据此从数量和体积2个角度定量分析了沟谷拐弯段对块石的拦截效果.分析认为:转折型沟谷在控制块石的运移方面具有积极作用;相比小体积块石,沟谷拐弯段对大体积块石具有更好的拦截效果;从...     

湟水谷地农业生态经济系统的能值分析——以西宁市为例

运用能值理论与分析方法,采用净能值产出率、环境负荷率、能值密度、人均能值用量、能值产投比及可持续性指数、系统稳定性指数及优势度指数等重要能值指标对位于湟水谷地的西宁市1990-2008年间农业生态经济系统的能值结构作了深入地分析.结果表明:湟水谷地农业生态系统由1990-2004年的低效率开发阶段逐步转变为2005-2...     

金沙江石鼓-宜宾段河谷-水系演化研究综述与讨论

有关金沙江形成演化研究的历史已有百年之久,近十年来更是地学界研究热点之一,产出成果颇为丰硕。该文在对一个多世纪以来有关金沙江研究成果分析基础上,勾绘出金沙江石鼓-宜宾段上新世以来的河谷形成演化过程,基本观点为:全新世之前该区存在数条并列南流水系;上新世末-早更新世初,湖泊广泛发育;早更新世中后期,金沙江经丽江-鹤庆,于金江街附近汇入昔格达古湖;早更新世末期,昔格达古湖被切穿泄空,金沙江下游袭夺连通;中更新晚期,石鼓以南的东西向隆起使金沙江南流受阻,被动袭夺至水洛河,并于三江口与下游川江连通,至此形成真正具有现代意义的金沙江。     

Pleistocene subglacial tunnel valleys in the central North Sea basin: 3‐D morphology and evolution

Four phases of cross‐cutting tunnel valleys imaged on 3‐D seismic datasets are mapped within the Middle–Late Pleistocene succession of the central North Sea basin (Witch Ground area). In plan the tunnel valleys form complex anastomosing networks, with tributary valleys joining main valleys at high angles. The valleys have widths ranging from 250 to 2300 m, and base to shoulder relief varying between 30 and 155 m, with irregular long‐axis profiles characteristic of erosion by water driven by glaciostatic pressures. The youngest phase of tunnel valleys are smaller and have a thinner infill than the older generations. The fill of the larger valleys comprises three seismic facies, the lowermost of which has high amplitudes and is discontinuous. The middle facies consists of wedge‐shaped packages of low‐angle dipping reflectors and is overlain by a facies characterised by sub‐horizontal reflectors, which onlap the valley margins. The seismic character, and comparison with lithologies identified in other northwest European Pleistocene tunnel valleys both onshore and offshore, suggests that the lower two seismic facies are most likely sand and gravel‐dominated, while the uppermost facies consists of glaciolacustrine and marine muds. The 3‐D morphology of the valley margins combined with the geometry of the infill packages suggest that episodic discharge of subglacial meltwater was responsible for incising the valleys and depositing at least some of the infill. Proglacial glaciofluvial deposits are inferred to account for some of the fill overlying the subglacial deposits. Glaciolacustrine and marine muds filled remaining valley topography as the ice sheet retreated. The preserved valley margins are shown to be time‐transgressive erosion surfaces that record changes in geometry of the tunnel valley system as it evolved through time, implying that valleys associated with each ice‐sheet advance/retreat cycle were dynamic and probably long‐lived. Within the constraints of the existing stratigraphy the oldest tunnel valleys in the Witch Ground area of the central North Sea are most likely to be Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12 (Elsterian, ca. 470 ka) in age and the youngest pre‐MIS 5e (last interglacial, ca. 120 ka). If each tunnel valley phase was formed during the retreat of a major ice sheet then four glaciations with ice coverage of the central North Sea are recorded in the pre‐Weichselian, Middle–Late Pleistocene stratigraphy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起东缘下切谷特征及其形成机制

下切谷是层序地层学研究的重要内容之一,同时也是寻找地层、岩性等圈闭的有利地区。综合利用钻测井、三维地震资料以及地震平面属性信息,在车排子凸起至红—车断裂带区域识别出下切谷沉积体系,对下切谷的发育特征以及形成机制进行分析,结果表明:地震振幅绝对值之和属性体显示研究区发育4条近东西流向的下切谷,主要表现为分支型和单一型的平面形态特征。在地震剖面上,几何形态以V形和U形为主,谷内沉积物充填样式有双向上超充填型和侧向加积充填型,同时具有加积、前积和上超等地震反射特征,属于“顺源堆积”与“溯源堆积”的交互沉积。结合准噶尔盆地车排子凸起中生代构造及气候演化特征分析认为,凸起东缘下切谷形成于晚侏罗世。该时期车排子凸起强烈隆升,相对湖平面急剧下降,河流侵蚀下伏地层导致下切谷形成。下切谷内沉积充填阶段发生在白垩纪。该时期车排子凸起剧烈下沉,相对湖平面上升,下切谷持续性的接受沉积充填。     

阿尔泰山喀纳斯河谷晚第四纪冰川地貌演化过程

阿尔泰山喀纳斯河流域在第四纪期间发生过多次冰川进退,丰富的侵蚀与堆积地貌为区域地貌演化过程分析提供了重要依据,同时,该区的第四纪冰川作用对全球环境变化研究具有重要的科学意义。通过对喀纳斯湖口以下主谷内古冰川地貌的实地考察,测定不同地段多级U型谷底(台地)的海拔高度以及冰川漂砾的上限与分布位置,并对主谷内不同地段不同期次的冰碛物进行电子自旋共振(ESR)测年,研究发生在主谷内的古冰川作用系列、规模及演化过程。结果表明:喀纳斯湖到驼颈湾地区的谷地中主要发生过4次冰川作用,时代分别对应中梁贛冰期(MIS12)、MIS8/10、倒数第二次冰期(MIS6)以及末次冰期。末次冰期冰川作用又可细分为3个阶段,分别对应MIS4、MIS3中期与MIS2;根据三级U型谷的分布特征推断,古冰川作用规模呈现渐次变小的规律,自冰川站至下游接近冰川末端,中梁贛冰期时冰川厚度达50~395 m,覆盖范围包括主谷及两侧的山梁和支谷,延伸的长度和宽度都最大,MIS8/10以及倒二冰期时的厚度分别在102~199 m和88~269 m之间,冰川末端到达驼颈湾附近;鸭泽湖附近坡地上保存完好的多级台地,说明发生在河谷内的古冰川活性大,流动性和连续性较强,具有温冰川的性质;喀纳斯主谷有明显的不对称性,与局部小气候和地形对冰川的发育影响有关。     

不同林龄人促更新林枯枝落叶层碳及养分贮量

对福建南平顺昌县不同林龄米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)人促更新林枯枝落叶层和主要营养元素现存量进行测定,探究其随林龄的变化趋势。结果表明:不同林龄米槠人促更新林枯枝落叶层现存量为3.94~4.95 t·hm-2,其中49 a生人促林枯枝落叶层现存量最小,31 a生的最大。不同林龄枯枝落叶层C、N、P、K的浓度分别为44.09%~47.46%,11.9~13.8 g·kg-1,0.5~0.9 g·kg-1,1.4~5.1 g·kg-1。21 a生和49 a生人促更新林枯枝落叶层C浓度明显高于31 a生林分。49 a生人促更新林枯枝落叶层N和P浓度均高于21 a生和31 a生林分,但该林分枯枝落叶层K浓度却最低。21 a生米槠人促更新林枯枝落叶层C贮量分别是31 a生和49 a生林分的1.03倍和1.23倍,49 a生米槠人促更新林K贮量远低于21 a生和31 a生。不同林龄枯枝落叶层碳和养分贮量差异与林分特征、各林分枯枝落叶层现存量及养分浓度等有关。     

Total and pyrogenic carbon stocks in black spruce forest floors from eastern Canada

Pyrogenic carbon (PyC), a by-product of recurrent boreal wildfires, is an important component of the global soil C pool, although precise assessment of boreal PyC stock is scarce. The overall objective of this study was to estimate total C stock and PyC stock in forest floors of Eastern Canada boreal forests. We also investigated the environmental conditions controlling the stocks and characterized the composition of the forest floor layers. Forest floor samples were collected from mesic black spruce sites recently affected by fire (3–5 yr) and analyzed using elemental analysis and solid state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. PyC content was further estimated using a molecular mixing model. Total C stock in forest floors averaged 5.7 ± 2.9 kg C/m² and PyC stock 0.6 ± 0.3 kg C/m². Total stock varied with position in the landscape, with a greater accumulation of organic material on northern aspects and lower slope positions. In addition, total stock was significantly higher in spruce-dominated forest floors than stands where jack pine was present. The PyC stock was significantly related to the atomic H/C ratio (R² 0.84) of the different organic layers. ¹³C NMR spectroscopy revealed a large increase in aromatic carbon in the deepest forest floor layer (humified H horizon) at the organic-mineral soil interface. The majority of the PyC stock was located in this horizon and had been formed during past high severity fires rather than during the most recent fire event.     

Gully prevention and control: Techniques,failures and effectiveness

Gully erosion is a major environmental problem, posing significant threats to sustainable development. However, insights on techniques to prevent and control gullying are scattered and incomplete, especially regarding failure rates and effectiveness. This review aims to address these issues and contribute to more successful gully prevention and control strategies by synthesizing the data from earlier studies. Preventing gully formation can be done through land use change, applying soil and water conservation techniques or by targeted measures in concentrated flow zones. The latter include measures that increase topsoil resistance and vegetation barriers. Vegetation barriers made of plant residues have the advantage of being immediately effective in protecting against erosion, but have a short life expectancy as compared to barriers made of living vegetation. Once deeply incised, the development of gullies may be controlled by diverting runoff away from the channel, but this comes at the risk of relocating the problem. Additional measures such as headcut filling, channel reshaping and headcut armouring can also be applied. To control gully channels, multiple studies report on the use of check dams and/or vegetation. Reasons for failures of these techniques depend on runoff and sediment characteristics and cross-sectional stability and micro-environment of the gully. In turn, these are controlled by external forcing factors that can be grouped into (i) geomorphology and topography, (ii) climate and (iii) the bio-physical environment. The impact of gully prevention and control techniques is addressed, especially regarding their effect on headcut retreat and network development, the trapping of sediment by check dams and reduction of catchment sediment yield. Overall, vegetation establishment in gully channels and catchments plays a key role in gully prevention and control. Once stabilized, gullies may turn into rehabilitated sites of lush vegetation or cropland, making the return on investment to prevent and control gullies high. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.