陕南汉江谷地近40年气候变化及其生态环境意义

应用陕南汉江谷地17个测站1953～2000年气温、1961～2000年降水及1961～1999年区内汉江平均流量和最大流量实测记录,对气象数据和水文数据统计分析,结果表明,陕南汉江谷地近40a来气温递增率为0．025℃／10a,增温不明显,降水变化相对较大。其降水变化表现在3个方面：①年降水量减少,且趋势较强;②降水年内变化表现为夏增秋减趋势;③区内70％以上测站记录的暴雨频次和年暴雨总量变化表现为增加趋势。这种变化对陕南汉江谷地生态环境有一定负面影响,导致汉江河谷地区干旱化加强,两岸山区各种环境地质灾害频繁发生,水土流失呈发展趋势。     

南涧干热退化山地植被恢复的植物多样性变化

对20世纪90年代初期在南涧县城后山干热退化山地上营造的五种不同人工植物群落与未经改造次生植被的物种组成与结构进行了调查,采用生物多样性指数和相似性指数对各个群落进行测度。结果表明,经过十几年的恢复和保护,各人工群落植物种数及耐荫种数均有增加,分别在54～29和7～4间,高于坡柳、黄茅草灌草坡（26种和2种）。恢复群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、P{elou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数增加,其中乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数在0．15～1．45间;除桉树群落外灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数在0．91～0．76间,均明显大于坡柳、黄茅草灌草丛（0．44）;草本层Shannon．Wiener指数在0．39～1．49间,除桉树群落和新银合欢群落外也均有增加。恢复群落物种组成与结构逐渐向良性方向发展。然而,一些引进植物如山毛豆（Tephrosia caudida）在本地区早期阶段生长迅速并能够快速郁闭,为乡土植物生长创造了条件,但因自我更新能力差,已出现衰退现象,因此,应该加强人工群落保护和后续抚育管理,促进区域生态环境改善和良性发展。     

CLIMATE-CONTROLLED GLACIAL EROSION IN THE UNCONSOLIDATED SEDIMENTS OF NORTHWESTERN EUROPE,BASED ON A GENETIC MODEL FOR TUNNEL VALLEY FORMATION

The development of large erosive subglacial forms in unconsolidated sediments is generally attributed to the eroding power of subglacial meltwater flowing under high pressure conditions. Most explanations, however, differ in the source of meltwater and the speed at which it erodes the subglacial bed. Based on the geometry of deep tunnel valleys and glacial basins in northwestern Europe, a reconstruction of subglacial hydrological conditions during the development of subglacial depressions is made. It is demonstrated that the flow of subglacial meltwater in subglacial channels under high glaciostatic pressures is only capable of eroding large volumes of sediment as long as there is imminent glaciohydrological instability. For the thick aquifers in northwestern Europe, this instability is achieved when large quantities of supraglacial meltwater are available. Furthermore, a theoretical definition is given for maximum depression depth to be reached by subglacial erosion. It is shown that this maximum depth is strongly related to average air temperatures during deglaciation and that glacier bed lowering is to be expected during any final phase of glaciations. The theoretical framework presented enables a tentative comparison between large-scale glacial morphology of different glaciations in northwestern Europe.     

GROUNDWATER SAPPING AND VALLEY DEVELOPMENT IN THE HACKNESS HILLS,NORTH YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND

This paper describes evidence for the role of groundwater sapping and seepage erosion processes in the development of valleys which cut the southern edge of the Hackness Hills plateau in North Yorkshire, England. The development of drainage in this region has previously been suggested to relate to erosion by Late Devensian sub-aerial glacial meltwater channels. The role of groundwater erosion is investigated through a combination of geomorphological studies, lithological logging and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The geology of the region consists of a series of permeable Middle and Upper Jurassic lithologies (the Corallian sequence and Lower Calcareous Grit) which overlie the impermeable Upper Oxford Clay. The rocks dip gently to the south at between 1° and 4° and are relatively unfolded. Valleys exhibit many characteristic features of groundwater sapping networks. They rise abruptly at the edge of the plateau with amphitheatre-like valley heads, alcoves in headwalls, steep bedrock side walls, flat floors, spring sites and seepage zones in many valley flanks. Lithological logging indicates that sites of groundwater emergence usually occur either at or slightly above the boundary of the Upper Oxford Clay and Lower Calcareous Grit. XRD analyses of bedrock samples indicate that seepage occurs within siltstones which contain no clay but a variable percentage of calcite. The cause of groundwater emergence is attributed to decreasing grain size and increasing calcite cementation within bedrock which combine to reduce permeability. Development of valleys in the Hackness Hills is suggested to have occurred by a combination of headward erosion by groundwater sapping processes operating in an up-dip direction superimposed onto a valley morphology shaped by surface fluvial erosion.     

正义峡径流变化与人类活动影响分析

通过对正义峡径流长观资料的距平差积变化与人类活动影响对比分析,结果表明,正义峡径流量依上游来水和中游灌溉用水多少而定,存在分阶段及近些年衰减增大的多年变化,径流衰减主要是中游引用河水与开采地下水的消耗量增大,地下水补给萎缩与泉水基流减少所致。泉水是正义峡径流的主要成份,占径流总量63％,但年内不同时间径流组成有较大不同,集中用水期可占100％。因此减少中游消耗性用水,以涵养地下水,维持泉水存在对保持下游盆地河水稳定和生态环境的切实保护有特别重要的作用。     

建筑结构中抗震分析模型的优化研究

大多数建筑结构由梁、柱、支撑、剪力墙、地基和楼板等主要结构组成。一般而言,楼板对建筑结构的抗震性能可以忽略不计,所以进行建筑结构分析的模型是无楼板的。因此,楼板被刚性隔板代替,以提高分析效率。本文提出的建筑结构抗震分析解析模型考虑了楼板抗弯刚度,该模型采用超级单元、刚性隔板和子结构技术来减少自由度。通过实例分析,验证了该模型在多层建筑结构抗震分析中的有效性和准确性。且此模型能够显著减少计算量,提高分析效率,振动周期和响应时间等分析结果的精度与精化模型的结果非常接近,说明该模型的提出是合理的。     

建筑内部物品滑移破坏易脆性分析中的楼面运动强度指标

合理选择建筑楼面运动强度指标是对建筑内部物品进行易脆性分析的基础。以建筑内部物品的滑移破坏为研究对象,通过单自由度简化模型模拟内部物品在地震引起的楼面运动作用下的滑移反应,并根据刚体在矩形脉冲作用下最大滑移距离的解析解,修正了目前常用的楼面运动强度指标。分析结果表明,物品在地震引起的楼面运动作用下的最大滑移距离远小于矩形脉冲作用下的解析解,且表现出相当大的离散性。未修正的楼面运动强度指标和最大滑移量之间在对数空间上呈比较明显的双线性关系,修正后的强度指标则与最大滑移量在对数空间上具有更好的线性关系。     

Seismic retrofit of low‐rise steel buildings in Canada using rocking steel braced frames

This article examines the use of rocking steel braced frames for the retrofit of existing seismically deficient steel building structures. Rocking is also used to achieve superior seismic performance to reduce repair costs and disruption time after earthquakes. The study focuses on low‐rise buildings for which re‐centring is solely provided by gravity loads rather than added post‐tensioning elements. Friction energy dissipative (ED) devices are used to control drifts. The system is applied to 2‐storey and 3‐storey structures located in 2 seismically active regions of Canada. Firm ground and soft soil conditions are considered. The seismic performance of the retrofit scheme is evaluated using nonlinear dynamic analysis and ASCE 41‐13. For all structures, rocking permits to achieve immediate occupancy performance under 2% in 50 years seismic hazard if the braces and their connections at the building's top storeys are strengthened to resist amplified forces due to higher mode response. Base shears are also increased due to higher modes. Impact at column bases upon rocking induces magnified column forces and vertical response in the gravity system. Friction ED is found more effective for drift control than systems with ring springs or bars yielding in tension. Drifts are sufficiently small to achieve position retention performance for most nonstructural components. Horizontal accelerations are generally lower than predicted from ASCE 41 for regular nonrocking structures. Vertical accelerations in the gravity framing directly connected to the rocking frame are however higher than those predicted for ordinary structures. Vertical ground motions have limited effect on frame response.     

Baseline assessment of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and ecological water quality in Rwenzori rivers (Albertine rift valley,Uganda) using biotic-index tools

The Rwenzori Mountains and Albertine Rift region of southwestern Uganda are part of a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot, but are currently facing pressures from intensified agriculture, mineral exploitation and hydroelectric power generation. This study was undertaken to assess the ecological water quality of Rwenzori rivers using biomonitoring metrics to determine the major factors shaping macroinvertebrate community structure in disturbed and undisturbed sites. We sampled macroinvertebrates at 66 sites along headwater tributaries and downstream areas of the Nyamwamba, Mubuku and Nyamugasani rivers, supplemented by five sites along the Kazinga channel and Lake George wetland, and identified a total of 32,579 macroinvertebrates to family level. Insecta was the most diverse taxon (45 families). Based on Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT) scores, sites were classified into four ecological water quality groups as excellent (40 sites), good (16), fair (7) and poor (8). Upstream sites had the highest abundance of pollution-sensitive families such as Caenidae and Hydropsychidae, while downstream sites had high numbers of Chironomidae. Lorenz curves revealed a low degree of evenness with Gini coefficient values ranging from 0.75 to 0.94. Ordination analysis revealed that total phosphorus, specific conductivity, chloride and chemical oxygen demand were key environmental variables contributing to variation among the sites. The majority of sites did show little to no anthropogenic influence with the exception of downstream sites. The results of this study provide useful baseline reference data, to assess and better manage the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the ecological integrity of the region’s aquatic systems. Furthermore, these datasets will advance the development of a regional family-level biotic index.     

和静备战铁矿床地质特征及控矿因素分析

新疆和静县备战铁矿位于巩乃斯石炭纪裂谷带东端楔形尖灭部位,矿体受下石炭统大哈拉军山组灰岩与华力西中期石英二长斑岩体接触带的控制.矿区内存在一个从基性→酸性,从橄榄玄武岩→玄武岩→安山岩→英安岩→霏细岩(流纹岩)演化的火山熔岩系列,同时发育大量火山碎屑岩及火山碎屑沉积岩,构成大哈拉军山组主体地层,为备战铁矿成矿的最有利层位.矿区南北两侧均为近EW向断裂构造,具压扭性质,是一个长期活动的构造薄弱带,有利于火山活动及岩浆岩侵入.从矿床地质特征出发,概括了该矿床的基本控矿因素,为下一步该类型铁矿床找矿提供依据.