PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE OPHIOLITIC MELANGE IN THE YALU TSANGPU GRAND CANYON AREA

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE OPHIOLITIC MELANGE IN THE YALU TSANGPU GRAND CANYON AREA     

西天山特克斯一带双变质带特征

特克斯一带双变质带是西天山双变质带重要组成部分.对特克斯一带双变质带特征的详细观察和讨论,可能对整个西天山双变质带深入研究起到解剖麻雀的作用.低压相系变质岩是以堇青石片岩类为代表;高压相系变质岩是以蓝闪石片岩类为代表.在后继的收缩体制下,由于陆-陆碰撞作用,使能干性不同的层状变质岩叠置到一起,经过强烈纵向构造置换作用,使能干性较强的蓝闪石片岩类(包括大理岩)变成透镜状、似层状岩石,嵌在数量较多、能干性较弱的堇青片岩类里,构成双变质带混杂体.变质作用的时间约为晚志留世末.堇青石片岩类为低压相系角闪岩相岛弧型变质作用;蓝闪石片岩类属于高压相系低绿片岩相俯冲带型变质作用.     

混杂岩基本特征与专题地质填图

混杂岩是造山带内最常见的地质体和最基本的大地构造相单元,是由多种地质作用共同形成的可作为一定比例尺（1：25000或更大）的地质填图单元,并由块体和基质共同构成的内部无序的岩石混杂体。混杂岩的形成和就位构造环境不一致,并非所有混杂岩都具有古板块构造格局指示意义。蛇绿混杂岩和增生杂岩可作为古洋盆和汇聚板块边界的直接判别标志,其结构、组成与时空配置共同记录了古大洋板块地层系统发展及大陆地壳侧向与垂向增生历史。以大洋板块地层、海山理想层序和蛇绿岩"彭罗斯"层序模型为指导,专题地质填图是揭示造山带蛇绿混杂岩和增生杂岩结构、组成及其时空配置关系与形成机制的有效手段。这可为洋-陆转换研究及提高造山带结构深化认知程度提供直接证据,同时指导混杂岩相关矿床勘探与找矿预测。     

西南三江甘孜-理塘洋晚古生代构造演化：来自理塘蛇绿混杂岩堆晶辉长岩U-Pb年龄的约束

理塘县高城镇西北的擦岗隆洼岩组是一套以玄武岩为基质的蛇绿混杂岩,通过该蛇绿混杂岩中堆晶辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb定年,显示其年龄范围介于349 ~ 274 Ma之间,形成2个年龄组：第一组斜锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为346±17 Ma,代表堆晶辉长岩早期岩浆活动的时代;第二组斜锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为286.2±5.1 Ma,代表了堆晶辉长岩晚期岩浆活动的结晶年龄。擦岗隆洼岩组的超基性—基性岩具有N-MORB（正常洋中脊玄武岩）和E-MORB（富集型洋中脊玄武岩）组合特征,指示这些岩石可能形成于洋中脊环境,岩浆物质源自N-MORB所代表的亏损上地幔源区受地幔柱交代混染后而形成的混合源区。研究认为,甘孜−理塘洋最早可能在中泥盆世,受区域地幔柱活动影响开始拉张,导致中咱地块从扬子陆块西缘裂离,并在早石炭世发育形成洋盆。在中晚三叠世甘孜−理塘洋壳开始向西俯冲,并于晚三叠世末闭合,区域进入弧陆碰撞造山阶段。     

桂东鹰扬关构造混杂岩物质组成及变形特征

鹰扬关构造混杂岩出露于湘-粤-桂三省(区)交界处,构造上位于扬子陆块与华夏地块结合带西南段,在形成过程中保存了丰富的物质记录和构造演化信息,是研究扬子陆块与华夏地块拼合造山过程及相互关系的重要对象。对鹰扬关构造混杂岩物质组成及变形特征的详细研究表明,其由基质与岩块组成,基质为变质含凝灰质细碎屑岩,岩块为变质火山(碎屑)岩、微晶石英岩与大理岩等;根据野外变形特征及各期变形的叠加改造关系,于鹰扬关构造混杂岩中识别出5期构造变形,并建立了5期构造的相对变形序列。S₁、S₂代表晋宁期变形作用(D₁～D₂); S₃及NNE向断层左行走滑运动指示加里东期NW-NNW向挤压作用(D₃);印支期及早燕山期W-NWW向挤压作用(D₄)对前期构造进行了改造, NNE向断层发生右行走滑运动;晚燕山期的伸展作用主要表现为正断层活动(D₅)。变形序列的建立为区域构造过程的探讨和对比提供了新的基础资料。     

甘肃红石山地区泥盆纪—石炭纪有限洋盆重建与蛇绿混杂岩深部结构

采用构造岩相学和构造-古地理单元恢复、AMT、地面高精度磁法等综合方法,对甘肃红石山和邻区泥盆纪—石炭纪有限洋盆进行重建,对红石山蛇绿混杂岩带进行构造岩相学解剖和深部探测。划分出5个构造层,前华里西期、华里西期、印支期、燕山期和喜山期。北部构造带为四顶黑山-雀儿山晚古生代岩浆弧相,中部构造带红石山蛇绿混杂岩带恢复为泥盆纪—石炭纪有限洋盆相+洋壳残片相,南部构造带为白山-狼娃山晚古生代岛弧相。蛇绿岩套从下到上的垂向单元为晚泥盆世—早石炭世变质超镁铁杂岩→堆晶超镁铁-镁铁岩→均质辉长岩和少量的辉绿岩墙→早石炭世扫子山期深水相硅质岩和含炭硅质细碎屑岩（有限洋盆相）。陆缘海相岛弧地体南北两侧为早石炭世扫子山期和白山期浅海相火山岛弧带。哈萨克斯坦板块南缘南向俯冲碰撞在敦煌地块北缘增生楔构造背景下,形成SSZ型蛇绿岩套。红石山构造-蛇绿混杂岩带与周缘地质体具有不同的构造岩相学边界,从北向南具有明显的4个构造岩相学水平分带,中心部位为超基性岩构造岩块单元,以糜棱岩相辉长岩和蛇纹石片岩为包络面的构造岩片（基质单元）,蛇绿混杂岩带总体为无根状大型透镜体。红石山构造-蛇绿混杂岩带将两侧地质体卷入混杂岩带内,这种复杂镶嵌结构的构造岩相体有利于形成大型-超大型斑岩型金铜钼矿床、浅成低温热液金矿床和造山型金矿床。     

鄂北大洪山地区“花山群”的解体

岩性—构造填图结果表明,大洪山区的原“花山群”实际上包含３套不同时代、不同环境的物质建造,应予以解体。其中襄广断裂带内分布的以基性火山岩为主的一套岩系是构造侵位的蛇绿混杂岩,称之为花山蛇绿混杂岩;大洪山以西的耿集—板桥火山—沉积岩系,是南秦岭随县群的构造岩块;剔除这两者之后的碎屑沉积岩系定为真正意义的花山群,沉积时代为晚元古代。     

Soil moisture estimation using ERS 2 SAR data: a case study in the Solani River catchment/Estimation de l’humidité du sol grâce à des données ERS-2 SAR: étude de cas dans le bassin de la rivière Solani

Abstract

Abstract The information regarding spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture in a catchment is of utmost importance in hydrological, as well as many other studies. Point measurements from gravimetric and other methods for soil moisture determination are insufficient to understand the spatial behaviour of soil moisture in a region. Microwave remote sensing data from active sensors on board various satellites are increasingly being used to map spatial distribution of soil moisture within the 0–10 cm top surface. The northern part of India has a network of large rivers and canals and, therefore, spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture in this region has a significant bearing on the hydrology of the region. In this paper, results on estimation of soil moisture from an ERS-2 SAR image in the catchment of the Solani River (a tributary to the River Ganga) in and around the town of Roorkee, India, have been presented. The radar backscatter coefficient for each pixel of the image has been modelled from the digital numbers of the SAR image. Gravimetric measurements have been made simultaneously during the satellite pass to determine the concurrent value of volumetric soil moisture at a large number of sample points within the satellite sweep area. The backscatter coefficient is found to vary from –30 dB to –42 dB for a variation in soil moisture from 30 to 75%. Regression analyses between volumetric soil moisture and both the digital numbers and backscatter coefficients were performed. Strong correlations between volumetric soil moisture and digital number were observed with R ² values of 0.84, 0.75 and 0.83 for bare soil, vegetative and combined surfaces, respectively. A similar trend was observed with the relationship between backscatter and volumetric soil moisture with R ² values of 0.60, 0.89 and 0.67 for bare soil, vegetative and combined surfaces, respectively. These results demonstrate the utilization of SAR data for estimation of spatial distribution of soil moisture in the region of the present study.     

基于GIS冰川末端变化计算方法研究——以北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川为例

基于冰川区地形图和实地GPS测量数据,总结4种用于计算冰川末端变化量的方法:主流线法、中心线法、周长法和特征点法,并提出基于GIS的操作思路.分析了各种方法的优缺点,阐述了各种方法在使用中的注意事项.建议使用最短距离的特征点法计算冰川末端变化量,并且以前一期的特征点向后一期的冰川边界搜索最短距离.通过把方法应用在北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川,结果表明,自2005年观测以来北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川末端呈现退缩趋势,年均退缩量为9.44m.a-1,年际变差系数为0.40,冰川末端变化量年际变化较大.     

Physical Modeling of Fold-and-Thrust Belt Evolution and Triangle Zone Development:Dabashan Foreland Belt(Northeast Sichuan basin,China) as an Example

Triangle zones,generally found in foreland fold-and-thrust belts,serve as favorable objects of petroleum exploration.Taking the Dabashan foreland belt as an example,we studied the formation and development of triangle zones,and investigated the effect of decollements and the mechanical contrast of lithology by employing the method of physical modeling.Four experimental models were conducted in the work.The results showed that ’sand wedges’ grew episodically,recorded by deformational length,height and slope angle.The height versus shortening rate presented an S-shape curve,and uplifting occurred successively in the direction of the foreland belt.During the formation of the triangle zone,layer-parallel shortening took place at the outset;deformation decoupling then occurred between the upper and lower brittle layers,divided by a middle-embedded silicone polymers layer.The upper brittle layers deformed mainly by folding,while the lower sand layers by thrusting. As shortening continued,the geometry of a triangle zone was altered.We consider that the triangle zone in the Dabashan foreland belt was modified from an early one based on available seismic profiles and the experimental results.In addition,decollements and mechanical contrast impose significant influence on structural development,which can directly give rise to structural discrepancies.More decollements and obvious mechanical contrast between brittle layers can promote the coupling between the upper and lower brittle layers.Basal decollement controls the whole deformation and decreases the slope angle of the wedge,while roof decollement determines whether a triangle zone can be formed.