Spar平台吸力式基础极限承载特性数值分析

以国外某深海Spar平台工程为背景,针对其所采用的细长型吸力式基础的抗拔承载特性进行三维有限元数值分析.分析中充分考虑土体强度、加载位置和加载角度对吸力式基础极限抗拔承载力的影响,本构模型中钢筒基础采用弹塑性模型.分析结果表明,吸力式基础的极限抗拨承载力随着土体强度的增大而增大,倾斜加载时在基础插入土体部分中点左右加载可取得最大的极限承载力,极限抗拔承载力还随着加载角度的增大而增大.吸力式基础存在倾斜加载时桶基础与桶内外土体的共同塑性屈服破坏和垂直加载时桶外土体的局部剪切破坏等两种不同的破坏模式.     

砂土地基中吸力式沉箱的极限沉贯深度分析

吸力式沉箱是广泛应用于离岸结构物中的新型基础形式,贯入分析方法的研究是很重要的课题。分析了砂性土地基吸力贯入过程中的渗流状况,得出了筒内壁的压降比率与贯入深径比的关系公式,分析评估了抽吸作用对筒内壁压降比率的影响,提出了砂土地基中吸力贯入阻力和地基极限吸力的简便计算方法,给出了砂土地基中极限贯入深径比的计算公式,分析了各种砂土地基中的吸力贯入极限深径比。不计筒体自重和抽吸效应影响时,这一比值介于2.1～2.5之间。     

天津滨海吹填土结构强度增长机理

为了研究影响天津滨海吹填土结构强度增长的因素,分析了等效荷载、有效应力增量、孔隙比和含水量与结构强度之间的关系,得出随着等效荷载和有效应力增量的增大,吹填土的结构强度呈增高的趋势。含水量和孔隙比越大,吹填土的结构强度越低。研究认为,吹填土结构强度的形成与吹填土的排水固结密切相关。吹填土在真空预压条件下,排水固结过程分为早期空气排出、真空渗流场作用下的渗透固结和真空条件下的水分气化排出3个阶段。     

海洋黏土超固结性和结构性对沉垫基础离底吸附力的影响

我国近海区域海床表面广泛存在一层深厚软黏土,具有一定的超固结性与结构性。自升式海洋平台沉垫基础的离底吸附力对海上平台的起浮回收影响显著。通过数值方法模拟了沉垫基础的作业工况,将可以描述土体超固结性和结构性的弹塑性本构模型通过UMAT子程序嵌入有限元软件ABAQUS中,采用可以描述材料强度破坏和刚度衰减的黏结接触模型模拟基础底与海床的相互作用,并通过现场模型试验对数值模型进行了验证。在此基础深入探讨了黏土海床超固结性和结构性对基础离底吸附力的影响规律。研究结果表明：沉垫基础上拔时,底部会产生负孔隙水压力,随上拔时间先减后增,且沉垫基础边缘位置率先发生离底;黏土超固结性越强,离底吸附力越大;黏土结构性越强,离底吸附力越小。     

云南1m太阳塔真空封窗减反射膜的设计

云南1m太阳塔(YNST)[1]是一个真空结构的塔式太阳望远镜,依靠4块平板封窗玻璃把整个光学系统密封在真空系统中。封窗玻璃的引入,不仅会对太阳光有一定的吸收和反射,使来自太阳辐射的能量有一定的损失,并会形成杂散光,影响成像质量。本文讨论了这些影响。根据云南1m红外太阳塔科学指导委员会确定的工作波段的要求,设计了一种膜系设计方法,可以利用最少的膜系层数来达到需要的结果。并用一组材料进行了模拟设计实验,获得了较为理想的优化结果,在关键波长处显著减小了反射率,减少了杂散光的形成。这种设计方法很适合象太阳塔这种很宽的波段里面对一组波长有很高要求的设计任务,将大大提高光能利用率,具有重要的价值。     

吸力式沉箱基础长期水平荷载作用下承载特性试验研究

通过两组不同水平荷载作用下吸力式沉箱基础长期模型试验,对吸力式沉箱基础随时间的位移变化规律以及土压力分布规律进行了研究。试验结果表明:在长期模型试验中位移发展主要集中在试验前期,后期位移稳定需要更长时间,土体流变效应较为明显。土压力沿深度分布曲线呈抛物形状,表明沉箱基础在水平荷载作用下为转动模式,随时间增加被动区土压力变化呈增大趋势,主动区土压力呈减小趋势。土压力发展主要集中在试验前期,后期土压力变化相对较小,但土压力稳定所需时间较长,同时荷载值越大土压力稳定所需时间越长。     

Pullout behavior of suction anchors in soft marine clays

In the field of ocean engineering, a beginning has been made in the use of large‐sized suction anchors for safe anchoring of large compliant structures. Suction anchors derive most of their uplift resistance from passive suction developed during the pullout movement. This article describes a set of laboratory tests on model suction anchors of three different embedment ratios to estimate the pullout behavior of suction anchors in soft clays typical of Indian marine clays. Tests were conducted on model anchors installed in soil beds prepared at four different consistencies in a test tank. This study shows the influence of soil consistency and embedment ratio (L/D) on the pullout behavior of suction anchors and on the variation of suction pressure at the top of the soil plug. The test results reveal that the behavior of suction anchors is much better than the behavior of open‐ended anchors from the considerations of both capacity and deformation. The consistent development of suction inside the anchor top confirms the plug formation and significant breakout resistance in the form of suction‐induced reversed end bearing. The results are further analyzed in terms of suction breakout factors. Further, the effect of burial depth of suction anchor on pullout behavior is shown.     

Intercomparison of soil pore water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis

Measurements of δ²H and δ¹⁸O composition of pore waters in saturated and unsaturated soil samples are routinely performed in hydrological studies. A variety of in‐situ and lab‐based pore water extraction methods for the analysis of the stable isotopes of water now exist. While some have been used for decades (e.g. cryogenic vacuum extraction) others are relatively new, such as direct vapour equilibration or the microwave extraction technique. Despite their broad range of application, a formal and comprehensive intercomparison of soil water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis is lacking and long overdue. Here we present an intercomparison among five commonly used lab‐based pore water extraction techniques (high pressure mechanical squeezing, centrifugation, direct vapour equilibration, microwave extraction, and cryogenic extraction). We applied these extraction methods to two physicochemically different soil types that were dried and rewetted with water of known isotopic composition at three different water contents. Our results showed that the extraction approach can have a significant effect on pore water isotopic composition as all methods exhibited significant deviations from the spiked reference water, depending secondarily on the soil type and soil water content. Most pronounced, cryogenic water extraction showed large deviations from the spiked reference water, whereas mechanical squeezing and centrifugation provided results closest to the spiked water for both soil types. We also compared results for each extraction method – where liquid water was obtained – on both an OA‐ICOS and IRMS. Differences between these two analytical instruments were negligible for these organic compound‐free waters. We suggest that users of soil water extraction approaches carefully choose an extraction technique that is suitable for the specific research question, adapted to the dominant soil type and water content of the study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

硫酸钠盐渍土土-水特征曲线的试验与理论研究

土-水特征曲线（SWCC）在非饱和土力学中扮有重要的角色,是非饱和土力学研究的核心问题。以西北地区黄土中含有的典型硫酸钠盐为变化因素,采用滤纸法测得了兰州黄土及不同含盐量黄土状硫酸钠盐渍土的基质吸力并绘制土-水特征曲线,通过试验测试和理论分析来解释硫酸钠盐分对黄土状硫酸钠盐渍土基质吸力的影响规律,以期为工程实践提供一定的理论依据。结果表明：相同含水率下硫酸钠盐渍土的含盐量越高,基质吸力越大。以非饱和土力学理论和表面物理化学理论为基础,考虑了土中的盐分对基质吸力的毛细部分及吸附部分的影响,得到了土中含盐量与基质吸力关系的半经验公式。利用该公式计算得到不同含盐量硫酸钠盐渍土的土-水特征曲线,计算曲线与试验曲线吻合程度较高,表明该公式可以很好地描述盐渍土中不同含盐量与基质吸力的关系。     

不同温度真空热处理对FeCrMoCBY非晶合金涂层组织结构与摩擦学性能的影响研究

深部地质钻探过程中,复杂的井下工况对钻具的钻探性能以及可靠性提出了苛刻的要求。钻具钢体表面涂覆具有耐磨耐蚀性的非晶涂层可以有效提高其服役寿命。其中Fe基非晶合金涂层因其优异的耐腐蚀抗磨损性能、较强的非晶形成能力等优势,具有重要的应用价值和较好的经济效益。本文通过大气等离子喷涂技术（Air Plasma Spray, APS）在35CrMo基体上制备得到成分为Fe₄₈Cr₁₅Mo₁₄C₁₅B₆Y₂ （at.%）的非晶合金涂层,并对其进行不同温度的真空热处理,探究了不同温度热处理对涂层基本性能和磨损失效机制的影响。结果表明：涂层经过真空热处理之后,生成的大量硬质相和成分均匀化使得涂层抗磨损性能提高;且随着热处理温度的提高,涂层磨损率逐渐减小。与未经热处理和750 ℃热处理的涂层相比,经过850 ℃热处理之后的涂层具有最佳的抗磨损性能,磨损率仅为未经热处理的Fe基非晶涂层的16.7%。热处理前后涂层的失效机制均为粘着磨损、磨粒磨损、疲劳磨损和氧化磨损。