层状地基静压桩贯入过程机理试验

通过在多层软粘土地基中静力压入单桩的室内模型试验,对模型桩在整个沉桩过程中压桩力、桩动端阻力及桩动侧阻力随桩贯入深度的变化情况进行了研究,获得了桩在贯入不同土层分界面时阻力的变化规律以及桩周土体应力的分布特征。并对开口管桩和闭口管桩贯入试验情况进行了比较分析,揭示了不同桩端形式桩在贯入过程中桩动侧摩阻力的发展规律,以及分层土体中开口管桩贯入过程中土塞的变化情况。试验结果表明：在粘性土中沉桩时,压桩阻力主要来自桩端向下穿越土体产生的端阻力,而侧摩阻力较小;由于桩侧水平应力的释放使得同一深度点上的动摩阻力随着桩的下沉表现出不同程度的降低,出现摩擦疲劳。     

除砷技术现状与展望

随着除砷技术的发展,生物法和硫化法等除砷技术已应用于工业除砷,混凝法、离子交换法和直接沉淀法等除砷技术在废水除砷中也已广泛应用。在综述了近年来除砷技术在工业中和含砷废水处理上的应用后,对其中各种技术进行了分析,并对我国除砷技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

基于统计的小波包分析的输电塔结构损伤预警

本文针对输电塔结构的损伤特点,提出了基于统计过程控制理论和小波包分析实现输电塔结构损伤预警的方法。首先将振动测试信号进行小波包分解,然后以小波包系数节点能量作为识别损伤的特征向量建立相应的损伤因子,通过统计过程控制理论计算其单侧置信上限,实现输电塔结构的损伤预警。为了证明该方法,对一个三层输电塔结构模型进行了试验研究,结果表明该方法能够有效地识别损伤的发生。     

基于层次分析的辽宁地区震情指标预警模型研究

根据辽宁及邻区地质构造与地震活动特点,结合1970年以来该区中强震震例,分辽南和辽蒙交界两个小区分别提炼了中强震预警判据。在此基础上,利用层次分析法,建立了辽宁地区基于时间尺度的地震震情指标预警模型。     

Fast inversion of rupture process of the 14 April 2010 Yushu,Qinghai, earthquake

Four results of the rupture process of 14 April 2010 Yushu, Qinghai, earthquake, obtained by inverting the broadband seismic data of Global Seismographic Network (GSN) based on the inversion method of earthquake rupture process, were compared and discussed. It is found that the Yushu earthquake has several basic characteristics as follows: ① There exist two principal sub-events which correspond to two slip-concentrated patches being located near the hypocenter and to the southeast of the epicenter. The rupture of the slip-concentrated patch to the southeast of the epicenter broke though the ground surface; ② The peak slip and peak slip-rate are about 2.1 m and 1.1 m/s, respectively, indicating that the Yushu earthquake is an event with large slip-rate on the fault plane; ③ Overall the Yushu earthquake is a unilateral rupture event with the rupture mainly propagating southeastward. The strong focusing of the seismic energy in the southeast of the epicenter due to the "seismic Doppler effect" reasonably accounts for the tremendous damage in the Yushu city.     

基于改进的灰关联分析和层次分析法的边坡稳定性研究

边坡的稳定性受到多种因素的共同影响,合理评价和预测其稳定性是边坡研究中亟需解决的课题。提出了基于改进的灰关联分析和3标度的层次分析法（AHP）相结合的边坡稳定性分析的综合方法。由改进的灰关联分析理论,得到边坡稳定性等级的关联度,根据最大关联度准则判断待测边坡的稳定性等级。该方法克服了传统灰关联分析中没有考虑稳定性评价标准中的区间形式的缺点,并利用3标度的层次分析法,对影响边坡稳定的各指标的权重进行了讨论,从而提高了灰关联分析的精度。实例分析表明,该方法能准确反映边坡稳定性状况,证明了方法是合理、有效的     

金沙江流域泥石流的组合赋权法危险度评价

针对目前地质灾害危险性评价中对指标权重确定方法的缺陷,使用改进的层次分析法和熵值法确定金沙江流域泥石流的各影响因素权重。在此基础上,提出一种新的组合赋权规则,使两类权重间的差异程度和分配系数间的差异程度相一致,从而排除人为因素及数据奇异点的影响,得到相对客观准确的结果。以金沙江的典型泥石流作为计算实例,对现场数据进行了提取之后,使用上述方法计算出影响因子的权重,将权重代入经典的危险性分析模型进行评估。计算结果与当地泥石流的实际情况和发展趋势相符合,从而证明了该方法的合理性。     

基于不确定型层次分析法的边坡稳定模糊评判方法

针对边坡稳定性影响因素众多复杂,且存在模糊不确定性和层次性的特点,首先引入锚固边坡稳定性分析二级模糊综合评判模型,并基于模糊数学理论建立评价指标隶属度确定方法和模糊运算规则,从而建立出锚固边坡稳定性分析的二级模糊综合评判方法;然后,考虑评价指标重要程度取值的不确定性、专家判断的模糊性以及群组决策的优势,建立基于群组决策的不确定型层次分析（AHP）方法确定权重,进而建立出基于AHP的锚固边坡稳定模糊评判方法,最后通过工程实例分析和计算,表明文中方法的可行性与合理性。     

城市避震疏散能力评价方法研究

综合考虑人口、建筑、绿地、道路、疏散场所和重大危险源等各类影响因素,提出了街区疏散能力综合评价指数CEIEC,用层次分析法(AHP)通过各因素权重,对街区避震疏散能力进行了量化表达,能够给出各研究单元的避震疏散能力的相对水平,从而对城市社区避震疏散能力进行综合评价。本方法有利于揭示城市内避震疏散的薄弱环节,对城市规划等部门的工作,尤其对城市防灾规划的编制具有明显的指导性意义。     

Challenges to the representation of suspended sediment transfer using a depth‐averaged flux

The sediment saturation recovery process (i.e. the adaptation of suspended sediment concentration [SSC] to local forcing) is the main feature of the non‐equilibrium suspended sediment transport (SST) frequently occurring in fluvial, estuarine and coastal waters. In order to quantitatively describe this phenomenon, a series solution is analytically derived, including the evolution of both vertical SSC profile and near‐bed sediment flux (NBSF), and is verified by net erosion and net deposition experiments, respectively. The results suggest that the sediment saturation recovery process involves vertically varying fluxes that are not represented correctly by depth‐averaging. Consequently, a vertical two‐dimensional (2D) combined scheme is established and applied respectively in to a dredged trench and to a sand wave feature to demonstrate this argument. By analyzing the variations of the calculated depth‐averaged SSC and NBSF we reveal that the equilibrium state presented by the sediment carrying capacity (SCC) form of the NBSF, which is usually applied in depth‐integrated SST models, lags behind the actual dynamic bed equilibrium state. Moreover, the key factor α, the so‐called saturation recovery coefficient within this form, is not only a function of local Rouse number but also is influenced by the local SSC profile. Finally, a three‐dimensional (3D) non‐orthogonal curvilinear body‐fitted SST model is developed and validated in the Yangtze estuary, China, combined with the in situ hourly hydrographic data from August 14–15, 2007 during spring tide in the wet season. Model results confirm that the vertically varying sediment saturation recovery process, the discrepancies between the actual and SCC form of NBSF and non‐constant value of α are significant in actual real geomorphic cases. The quantitative morphological change resulting from variations in environmental conditions may not be correctly represented by uncorrected depth‐integrated SST models if they do not treat the effects of vertical motion on the sediment saturation recovery process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.