黄河上游近60 a径流量与降水量变化特征研究

为探究黄河上游径流量与降水量变化特征,基于唐乃亥、下河沿、头道拐3个水文站近60 a的降水量、径流量资料,采用线性倾向趋势检验、Mann-Kendall检验法（M-K趋势检验）、Spearman秩次相关检验、M-K突变检验、Pettitt非参数检验、有序聚类分析、累积距平法、双累积曲线等分析方法对比研究了黄河上游及上游不同子区域降水量和径流量的变化特征,并讨论了径流量对降水量的响应关系。结果表明：黄河上游降水量呈不显著增加趋势,在2003年发生突变,突变前后变化率为4.67%;径流量呈显著减少趋势,突变年份为1986年,突变前后变化率为35.34%。3个子区域年降水量变化趋势分别呈显著增加、不显著增加和显著减少趋势,径流量均呈减少趋势。以唐乃亥以上的Ⅰ区为基准区时,唐乃亥—下河沿所在的Ⅱ区降水量因素对径流量的影响达到25.08%,非降水量因素为74.92%,而下河沿—头道拐的Ⅲ区,降水量对径流量的影响为32.14%,非降水量因素为67.86%。研究结果对黄河流域水资源综合管理与科学配置具有参考意义。     

市政排水管网节点汇水面积自动化计算的方法和应用

针对排水管网节点汇水面积的自动化计算问题,提出了将排水管网图转化为有向图,首先运用图论中的广度优先搜索算法得到任意指定节点的上游节点,然后计算其上游节点各关联边,最后根据上游节点及其关联边的汇水面积得到该节点总的汇水面积的方法。     

Decadal trends and causes of sedimentation in the Inner Mongolia reach of the upper Yellow River,China

Using hydrological and sediment data, this study investigated decadal trends in sediment erosion/deposition in the Inner Mongolia reach of the upper Yellow River. The calculated yearly sediment erosion/deposition show that the reach was dominated by aggradation, degradation, and aggradation successively in three periods with the years around 1961 and 1987 as break‐points. By constructing relations between water discharge and sediment load, the contributions of key factors to the changes in sediment erosion/deposition in the reach were quantified. Results show that the sediment retention behind the main stem dams, the increase of natural runoff, and the decrease of sediment inputs from tributaries and upstream watershed were the main factors causing the transition from aggradation during 1955–1961 to degradation during 1962–1987. The reduction of natural runoff, the decrease of sediment retention behind dams, and the rise of sediment supply from tributaries were the key causes of the reversal from degradation in 1962–1987 to aggradation in 1988–2003. Water diversion has played an important role in the long‐term aggradation of the Inner Mongolia reach. The main stem dams had functioned to alleviate siltation after 1961, but their effects on siltation reduction had been gradually diminishing since the 1990s. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含水率影响下尾矿砂内摩擦角随标贯击数变化研究

尾矿砂样品在运输和存放过程中均存在易扰动的特点,但考虑到工程造价以及人力资源等因素,目前在大部分上游式尾矿坝的工程地质勘察中难以建立现场试验室,所得抗剪强度指标与实际情况存在一定误差。针对这种现状,结合某铅锌矿尾矿坝现场试验结果,从现场简易试验获得的含水率和标准贯入击数进行分析,并对基于含水率影响下尾矿砂内摩擦角随标准贯入击数变化规律进行了研究,提出了考虑上覆压力作用下标准贯入击数的修正公式,并推出了用标准贯入击数估算尾矿砂内摩擦角的方法。通过几个实例验证：除当修正后的标准贯入击数N1>8（5%< <20%）情况下以外,该方法均能够有效地估算尾矿砂内摩擦角。研究结果表明,该方法在以后的上游式尾矿堆积坝的工程地质勘察工作中具有较强的应用价值。     

水利工程影响下双台子河上溯潮水分流比的研究

盘锦双台子河口湿地拥有亚洲面积最大的芦苇种植区,但随着工农业用水增多,加之气候干旱和降雨偏少,苇田灌溉得不到保证。为了更好地解决双台子河流域苇田灌溉用水不足的问题,本文利用实测水位和流量等资料,基于Mike11建立了双台子河口的水动力学模型,并使用2008和2009年的实测潮位资料对模型进行了率定和验证,拟合精度较高,表明所建模型能反映河口区的水动力特征。通过设置水工建筑物的不同运行方式,模拟了上溯潮水分流到支流绕阳河与双台子河上游的流量比值。结果表明,水闸和橡胶坝对于研究区域内上溯潮水的分流比影响较大,在现状基础上橡胶坝建成之后能将绕阳河的分流比提高约50%,同时下游河口上溯潮水会减少20%～30%,但分流比对橡胶坝高度的变化并不敏感。不同调水方案以及水泵提水对分流影响甚微。     

Study of temperature and precipitation change in upstream mountain area of the Hexi inland river basin since 1960s

All rivers in the Hexi inland region of Gansu Province, China, originate from the northern slope of the Qilian Mountains. They are located in the southern portion of the region and respectively belong to the three large river systems from east to west, the Shiyang, Heihe and Shule river basins. These rivers are supplied by precipitation, snowmelt and ice-melt runoff from the Qilian Mountain area. Therefore, changes of precipitation and temperature in the upstream watersheds of these rivers have an important effect on changes of mountainous runoff and reasonable utilization of water resources in this region. For this reason, the Qilian Mountain area, upstream watersheds and runoff forming areas of these rivers are chosen as the study area. The change characteristics and variation trend of temperature and precipitation in this area under the backdrop of global warming are analyzed based on observational data of relational weather and hydrologic stations in the area. Results show that temperatures in the upriver mountain areas of these three large river basins have been increasing, although the increasing degree is differentially affected by global warming. The rising extent of annual and seasonal temperatures in the upstream mountain area of the Shule river basin located in the western Qilian Mountains, were all largest over the past 50 years. Precipitation in the upstream mountain areas of Hexi region’ three river basins located respectively in the western, middle and eastern Qilian Mountains have been presenting an increasing trend to varying degrees as a whole for more than 50 years. This means that climate in the upstream mountain areas of Hexi region’ three river basins are becoming increasingly warmer and moister over the past 50 years, which will be very good for the ecological environment and agricultural production in the region.     

桂江上游水化学特征变化及离子来源分析——以桂林断面为例

本文根据2013年10月至2015年4月桂江桂林站的采样分析数据,讨论桂江上游的水化学组成及河水离子的主要来源。结果表明,研究区河水水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型,HCO3-和Ca2+是主要的阴阳离子,主要来源于流域内碳酸对碳酸盐岩的风化溶解,河水主要离子浓度受流量变化的影响,呈现出冬高夏低的趋势。同时,流域内硫酸也参与了碳酸盐岩的风化。此外,虽然流域内碳酸盐岩仅少量分布,但河水水化学特征仍受碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的共同控制。主成分分析结果表明,第一因子贡献率为38.8%,与K+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO42-、NO3-相关性较大,在本研究中代表人类活动及大气沉降的影响,其中NO3-主要来源于流域内农业活动的面源污染;第二因子贡献率为28.2%,与HCO3-和Ca2+相关性大,代表碳酸盐岩的溶解;第三因子没有明显具有高载荷的指标。      

IMPACTS OF DIMENSION AND SLOPE OF SUBMERGED SPUR DIKES ON LOCAL SCOUR PROCESSES - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

1 INTRODUCTION In alluvial streams bed scour often occurs if the sediment load is less than the transport capacity of the flow. Two types of scour are identified, namely local scour and channel bed scour. Channel bed scour can be further classified accord…     

Quantitative Method of Classification and Discrimination of a Porous Carbonate Reservoir Integrating K-means Clustering and Bayesian Theory

Reservoir classification is a key link in reservoir evaluation. However, traditional manual means are inefficient,subjective, and classification standards are not uniform. Therefore, taking the Mishrif Formation of the Western Iraq as an example, a new reservoir classification and discrimination method is established by using the K-means clustering method and the Bayesian discrimination method. These methods are applied to non-cored wells to calculate the discrimination accuracy of the reservoir...     

Gravel excavation and geomorphic evolution of the mining affected river in the upstream reach of the Yangtze River,China

As economic development upstream in the Yangtze River basin has progressed in recent decades,the demand for sediment has rapidly increased and contributed to an expansion in sediment excavation that may affect the river’s stability and navigation safety.In the current study,the distribution of gravel mining in the upstream reach of the Yangtze River was investigated using field measurements obtained from2008 to 2017.An experimental investigation was then done to analyze the bed load behavior in ...