HIGH-RESOLUTION NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND ENERGY RESOURCE IN HAINAN PROVINCE AND ITS OFFSHORE WATERS

With high resolution (1 km), the distribution of wind energy resources in Hainan province and over its offshore waters is numerically simulated by using the Wind Energy Simulation Toolkit (WEST) model developed by Meteorological Research Branch of Environment Canada. Compared with observations from eight coastal anemometric towers and 18 existing stations in the province, the simulations show good reproduction of the real distribution of wind resources in Hainan and over its offshore waters, with the relative error of annual mean wind speed being no more than 9% at the 70-m level. Moreover, based on the simulated results of WEST grids that are closest to where the eight wind towers are located, the annual mean wind speeds are further estimated by using the Danish software WasP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program). The estimated results are then compared with the observations from the towers. It shows that the relative error is also less than 9%. Therefore, WEST and WEST+WAsP will be useful tools for the assessment of wind energy resources in high resolution and selection of wind farm sites in Hainan province and over its offshore waters.     

呼和浩特2009年近地层风特征分析

利用呼和浩特探空站2009年高空风资料,分析了呼和浩特近地层距离地面300、600、900m高度的风向、风速变化特征。     

广东地区大风拟合的适用性研究

根据广东省电白、珠海、惠来、云浮、韶关和梅县6个气象站的历史最大风速资料,分别用极值Ⅰ型分布、皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布和韦布尔分布3种方法进行拟合分析。拟合的结果表明,极值Ⅰ型分布与皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布都能较好地拟合出最大风速的频率分布,韦布尔分布拟合效果较差;内陆地区极值Ⅰ型分布和皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布得到的结果相近,而沿海地区由于风速波动性较大,极值Ⅰ型分布拟合的重现期风速要大于皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布。但在各种工程的实际拟合应用中,仍然需要根据具体的情况采取合适的拟合方法。     

利用非线性回归技术建立洛阳机场大风预报方法

利用2005-2008年洛阳机场200个大风天气个例,从经验和物理意义出发选取地面风速预报因子,然后对初选因子进行多种组合并同预报量作相关分析,确定了东、西风型各10个因子。根据各个因子在引入的线性和5种非线性函数形式下同预报量的相关程度,确定每个因子同预报量的最优函数关系,进而分别建立了东、西风型风速预报的多元非线性回归方程,再应用双重检验的逐步回归方案对方程进行优化,并将优化后的方程进行了检验,最后分析了影响风速主要因子的作用。结果表明:利用非线性回归方程对风速进行客观定量化预报,预报效果达到了民航气象对大风预报的质量要求,能够为实际工作提供参考;预报东、西风型风速的首要因子分别是气压梯度和变压梯度。     

Variability of Surface Sensible Heat Flux over Northwest China

The present study documents the variability of surface sensible heat flux over Northwest China using station observations for the period 1961 2000.It is found that the afternoon and nighttime sensible heat flux variations are remarkably different.The variability of the instant flux in the afternoon is much larger than in the nighttime.The afternoon and nighttime flux anomalies tend to be opposite.The diurnal and seasonal dependence of sensible heat flux variations is closely related to the diurnal cycle of mean land-air temperature difference.The relationship of sensible heat flux with land-air temperature difference based on the instant value differs from that based on the daily mean.The present study indicates the importance for the models to properly simulate mean land-air temperature difference and its diurnal and seasonal variations in order to capture surface sensible heat flux variability over Northwest China and predicts its plausible impacts on climate.     

Study of small ions concentration in the air above Athens, Greece

Measurements of positive and negative small atmospheric ion concentrations have been made regularly since 1968 at the National Observatory of Athens (NOA). In this paper the 17-year period 1968–1984 is summarized. The diurnal and annual variations are examined, and Fourier analysis is also used for the study of the diurnal variation. The concentrations of small ions follow a double diurnal course. The maxima occur near 3–5 h and 13–16 h local time (LT = GMT + 2 h). The minima are observed at 6–8 h and 21–23 h. The annual course of small ions presents maximum concentration values around the summer season. The mean of the small ion concentration (SIC) for the 17-year period (1968–1984) is n₊ = 188.8 ions/cm³ for positive ions and n₋ = 151.1 ions/cm³ for negative ions. Their ratio is equal to 1.25. The year-to-year variation of SIC for the examined period shows a negative trend. The results from multiple regression analysis show that wind speed and SIC are positively correlated, while relative humidity, smoke and sulphur dioxide are negatively correlated.     

南京地面风速概率分布律的城乡差异

根据南京气象站及其周边3个乡村自动气象站2005年逐时风速资料,拟合了风速的概率分布函数,分析表明:南京城、乡地面风速的概率分布均与3参数的韦伯分布吻合度很高,风速概率密度函数(PDF)曲线形状存在明显的城乡差别,城市风速PDF曲线更加陡峻,即风速分布更为集中;在0.75~3.75 m/s,城市风速PDF值明显高于周边乡村,而在3.75 m/s和0.75 m/s范围,城市风速概率密度值则低于乡村;城市下垫面的摩擦效应削弱风速而热力效应起增强风速作用,对风速的城乡差值序列的分析发现:多数时间城市风速是小于乡村风速的,但风速小于1.90 m/s条件下,城市风速会出现大于乡村的现象;总体上摩擦效应的作用远大于热力效应;城市效应使全年平均风速下降0.43 m/s。     

WindSim软件在复杂地形风电场风能资源评估中的应用

复杂地形的风能资源评估研究对于风电事业的发展具有极为重要的意义。作者利用基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法的风能资源评估系统软件WindSim对我国复杂地形新疆托克逊县境内某风电场2007年的风资源情况进行了模拟,并将模拟结果与测风塔观测结果进行对比分析。模拟结果表明,WindSim软件对我国复杂地形地区平均风速的模拟能力比较好,10m、40 m、50 m、70 m高度的月平均风速的平均相对误差分别是12.91%、10.21%、9.68%、12.91%。同时,WindSim软件不仅可以较为准确地模拟出该区域2007年的主导风向,而且对该年的有效风速频率的模拟效果也很好。此风电场风能资源模拟试验说明,该地区具有十分丰富的可供开发利用的风能资源,进一步说明WindSim软件对我国复杂地形地区的风能资源评估工作具有很好的参考和应用价值。     

PMFT方法对我国年平均风速的均一性检验

利用惩罚最大F检验(PMFT)方法并结合详尽的台站历史沿革信息对我国701个气象观测台站年平均风速资料进行了均一性检验,结果表明该检验方法能够应用于对年平均风速资料进行均一性检验,我国年平均风速资料的不连续点主要集中在1～2个,已检验的701个台站中有61.3%的台站年平均风速序列是均一的,表明我国大部分台站风速资料均一性情况良好。仪器变化和台站迁移是引起年平均风速序列非均一性的主要原因,而仪器变化中的仪器换型是造成年平均风速序列非均一性的最重要原因。     

封闭曲线裁剪算法在矢量地图显示中的应用

在参考经典Sutherland-Hodgeman裁剪算法的基础上,实现了封闭曲线裁剪算法,使得裁剪结果成为原被裁剪封闭曲线的局部线段。本算法应用在2维矢量地图缩放显示中,通过矩形裁剪窗口裁剪矢量图并显示,从而提高整幅矢量图的显示速度。实验表明,该新算法能够简单、高效、准确地裁剪出理想的线段,并在很大程度上提高2维矢量图的显示速度。