一种后现代的叙事模式--东西小说叙事策略探微

东西的小说创作,尤其是20世纪90年代中期以后的相当一部分作品,在主题思想和叙述策略上均具有鲜明的后现代倾向,足以形成其独特的艺术方式.以后现代主义文学与叙事学的相关理论,从东西小说创作的叙事手法和叙述语言等方面出发,试图对东西小说独特的叙事艺术予以解读.     

Integrating top–down and bottom–up approaches to design global change adaptation at the river basin scale

The high uncertainty associated with the effect of global change on water resource systems calls for a better combination of conventional top–down and bottom–up approaches, in order to design robust adaptation plans at the local scale. The methodological framework presented in this article introduces “bottom–up meets top–down” integrated approach to support the selection of adaptation measures at the river basin level by comprehensively integrating the goals of economic efficiency, social acceptability, environmental sustainability and adaptation robustness. The top–down approach relies on the use of a chain of models to assess the impact of global change on water resources and its adaptive management over a range of climate projections. Future demand scenarios and locally prioritised adaptation measures are identified following a bottom–up approach through a participatory process with the relevant stakeholders and experts. The optimal combinations of adaptation measures are then selected using a hydro-economic model at basin scale for each climate projection. The resulting adaptation portfolios are, finally, climate checked to define a robust least-regret programme of measures based on trade-offs between adaptation costs and the reliability of supply for agricultural demands.This innovative approach has been applied to a Mediterranean basin, the Orb river basin (France). Mid-term climate projections, downscaled from 9 General Climate Models, are used to assess the uncertainty associated with climate projections. Demand evolution scenarios are developed to project agricultural and urban water demands on the 2030 time horizon. The results derived from the integration of the bottom–up and top–down approaches illustrate the sensitivity of the adaptation strategies to the climate projections, and provide an assessment of the trade-offs between the performance of the water resource system and the cost of the adaptation plan to inform local decision-making. The article contributes new methodological elements for the development of an integrated framework for decision-making under climate change uncertainty, advocating an interdisciplinary approach that bridges the gap between bottom–up and top–down approaches.     

IMPACT EVALUATION OF HAIZUKA DAM ON ITS UP STREAM： A CASE STUDY IN HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Japan ranks fifth in the world for the number of large dams. Environmental impacts of large dams are known, such as enormous losses of water or disruption of fish spawning, however, impacts of the dams on their up streams are functions of topography of the up stream. Haizuka Dam is located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan and its implementation will start in 2006. This large dam influences its up stream through dam making activities, which occurs in order and with different spatial presences that were categorized into chronological and spatial impacts. In this case study, spatial impacts were further divided into horizontal and vertical ones. The horizontal impacts were identified as new roads, diversion tunnel, dam lake, and submerged cultivated land, while vertical impacts were recognized as submerged historical monuments, slope protections, dam body, and deforested area in the reservoir. There were convergences of spatial and temporal impacts, however, the extent of the impacts was limited to the lake boundary.     

阜新务欢池－铁匠各冷地区中性杂岩体的地质特征及成因探讨

阜新务欢池－铁匠各冷地区中性岩成分多变，岩石类型复杂，为偏铝质岩石，钙碱性系列。根据其地质特征并结合其他资料，可将其解体为三个杂岩体。杂岩体具有同源演化特征，同位素年龄为１６９～２２４Ｍａ，属华力西晚期～燕山早期岩浆活动产物。其岩浆来源于上地幔或下地壳，属被动式就位     

矿物包裹体的气、液相成分测定

矿物中包裹体温度、压力和气、液相成分的测定数据是阐明矿床成因、成矿物质来源、成矿物质化学条件和成矿元素运移方式等的重要地球化学参数。本文介绍了用载气热爆—气相色谱法测定气相成分(H_2、O_2、N_2、CH_4、CO、CO_2、H_2O)和用超声波提取液相成分,再用原子吸收分光光度计法和数字离子计法分别测定阳离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))、阴离子(F~-、Cl~-)。对实验装置、工作条件和分析步骤等本文均有叙述。并以石英标样,对实验结果作了初步讨论。其中对气相成分的提取,用载气热爆法代替真空热爆法可提高工作效率五倍。     

Impact of LUCC on Ecosystem Service Value in the Up and Middle Reaches of Dongting Lake Basin, China

Supported by geographical information system, using Costanza method and referring to terrestrial ecosystem service value in China, the influence of land use and land cover change (LUCC) between 1980 and 2000 on ecosystem service value in the up and middle reaches of Dongting Lake basin was analyzed in this study. The results showed that the estimated value of ecosystem services decreased 8.416 9×10~8 CNY over a 21-year period, and the main reasons were that the land for forest use was exploited for cropland and construction land use in study area. Further analysis results showed that the value of single ecosystem service function such as gas regulation, climate regulation, soil formation and conservation, biodiversity conservation, raw materials as well as recreation decreased significantly; and that of provision of water conservation, waste treatment and food production increased obviously in the area. The results of coefficient sensitivity analysis indicated that these estimates were reliable.     

强透水砂卵石复杂地层的高压旋摆喷灌浆处理技术

通过对复杂地层的结构和各种防渗材料进行深入研究,选择合适的施工机具,改进工艺。在试验分析的基础上,根据不同的地层确定科学的施工控制参数,进一步对两层强透水带采取简单易行的深层充填堵漏工程措施,达到理想防渗效果。经对嘉陵江和白龙江流域砂卵（砾）石地层多个工程实例统计分析,其防渗系数 >1×10-4 cm/s,而复杂强透水地层经试验分析计算和抽水验证, <5×10-5 cm/s。介绍了采用单排孔替代2双排或三排高喷孔在复杂地层中的施工过程控制措施和充填式堵漏工程处理措施,应用实例可供类似工程借鉴。     

Canopy transpiration obtained from leaf transpiration,sap flow and FAO‐56 dual crop coefficient method

With a maize seed planting area of about 67 000 hmup>2up>, Zhangye city supplies the seeds for more than 40% of the maize planting area in China. Irrigation water is often overused to ensure the quality of the maize seeds, leading to serious water shortage problems in recent years. An accurate and convenient estimate of canopy transpiration is of particular importance to ease the problem. In this paper, leaf transpiration and sap flow in a maize field were measured in 2012 using a portable photosynthesis system and a heat balance sap flow system. Based on a large amount of meteorological data and relevant maize plant‐growing parameters, canopy transpiration was up‐scaled from both leaf transpiration (T_l) and sap flow (T_f), and also calculated by the FAO‐56 dual crop coefficient method (T). Comparing these three types of transpiration, T_f was proved to be more reliable than T_l. Taking T_f as a benchmark, the basal crop coefficient (K_cb, the key parameter of FAO‐56 dual crop coefficient method) was further adjusted and verified for the maize plants in this region. In addition, the errors when using up‐scaling methods and FAO‐56 dual crop coefficient method are summarized. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.