华北型煤田矿井岩溶水涌(突)出机理与涌(突)水量预测方法探讨

北方岩溶水系统的形成与相关河流的发育贯通相辅相成。不同的岩溶水系统模式表现出不同的地下水动力学特征,岩溶水径流带控制的岩溶水网络系统是北方岩溶水系统的基本特征。天然状态下,华北型煤田煤层顶板砂岩地下水系统与底板岩溶地下水系统有水力联系的区域,是矿井岩溶水涌(突)出的危险区。煤矿采掘工程打破了煤层顶、底板地下水系统水压力平衡,在压差作用下,承压岩溶水的"压裂"作用对构造煤系发育层段的疏通有着重要作用。承压岩溶水的释放或涌(突)出,是岩溶承压含水层弹性贮存量的释放,岩溶水运动属非稳定流。将断层等线形过水断面概化成环状井(孔)过水断面,则可用定降深非稳定流承压井流方程,预测可能的岩溶水涌(突)水流量及其变化规律。对流量函数Q(t)定积分,则可预测任意延续时间段的涌(突)水量。基于承压岩溶水弹性释放的非稳定流矿井岩溶水涌(突)水量预测方法,突破了岩溶水涌(突)水量无法预测的禁锢,对提升矿井岩溶水防治水平,解放华北型煤田下组煤有积极、重要意义。     

非稳定温度场的三维p型有限元方法研究

非稳定温度场的边界往往是温度梯度较大的区域,需要划分较密的网格。但在三维温度应力的计算中太密的网格往往使得计算成本很高。将p型阶谱有限元方法引入温度场的计算,则可以开拓一条解决这类问题的有效途径。研究了p型有限元中的温度边界条件和初值,编制了有关程序,对同一个算例,采用不同网格密度的常规有限元法和p型有限元法进行了温度场计算分析和对比。研究结果表明,用p型有限元进行非稳定温度场计算,在网格稀疏的条件下能够达到较高的精度。     

矿井涌水量动态预测非稳定释水-断面流法

我国北方煤田上覆地下水系统含水层以砂岩为主,是矿井主要充水水源。除浅部、露头区外,上覆砂岩地下水系统总体上构成非径流型蓄水构造,弹性贮存是其地下水主要赋存状态,压力传导、局部渗流为地下水动力学模式,矿井涌水主要为承压含水层弹性释放。非充填开采,煤层上覆地层周期性冒裂形成冒裂二元结构体,其自身释水(弹性、重力)与其外侧含水层断面弹性释水叠加形成矿井涌水。冒裂二元结构体释水随冒裂周期发生,时间短暂。外侧含水层断面释水可用非稳定流定降深沟(渠)流方程描述,进而获得外侧含水层断面释水单宽流量。外侧含水层释水断面随冒裂周期性延展累积,迭代更新,矿井涌水流量随之变化。在研究、刻画外侧含水层释水断面延展、迭代时空规律基础上,给出含水层断面释水流量预测方法、公式,与冒裂二元结构体自身周期性释水流量叠加,获新的矿井涌水量预测方法—非稳定释水-断面流法。     

Decomposition of the unsteady wave patterns for Bessho form translating-pulsating source green function

In order to interpret the physical feature of Bessho form translating-pulsating source Green function, the phase function is extracted from the integral representation and stationary-phase analysis is carried out in this paper. The complex characteristics of the integral variable and segmentation of the integral intervals are discussed in m complex plane. In θ space, the interval [-π/2+φ,-π/2+φ-iε] is dominant in the near-field flow, and there is a one-to-one correspondence between the real intervals in m space and the unsteady wave patterns in far field. If 4τ1(τ is the Brard number), there are three kinds of propagation wave patterns such as ring-fan wave pattern, fan wave pattern and inner V wave pattern, and if 04τ1, a ring wave pattern, an outer V and inner V wave pattern are presented in far field. The ring-fan or ring wave pattern corresponds to the interval [-π+α,-π/2+φ] for integral terms about k2, and the fan or outer V wave pattern and inner V wave pattern correspond to [-π+α,-π/2) and(-π/2,-π/2+φ] respectively for terms about k1. Numerical result shows that it is beneficial to decompose the unsteady wave patterns under the condition of τ≠0 by converting the integral variable θ to m. In addition, the constant-phase curve equations are derived when the source is performing only pulsating or translating.     

A probabilistic framework for floodplain mapping using hydrological modeling and unsteady hydraulic modeling

ABSTRACT

Prediction of design hydrographs is key in floodplain mapping using hydraulic models, which are either steady state or unsteady. The former, which require only an input peak, substantially overestimate the volume of water entering the floodplain compared to the more realistic dynamic case simulated by the unsteady models that require the full hydrograph. Past efforts to account for the uncertainty of boundary conditions using unsteady hydraulic modeling have been based largely on a joint flood frequency–shape analysis, with only a very limited number of studies using hydrological modeling to produce the design hydrographs. This study therefore presents a generic probabilistic framework that couples a hydrological model with an unsteady hydraulic model to estimate the uncertainty of flood characteristics. The framework is demonstrated on the Swannanoa River watershed in North Carolina, USA. Given its flexibility, the framework can be applied to study other sources of uncertainty in other hydrological models and watersheds.     

最小二乘配点法解一维非稳定流问题

最小二乘配点无网格法是一种新型高效的无网格法。该方法除节点外又在研究域内引入辅助点,近似函数仍然只通过节点构造,微分方程在所有节点和辅助点上满足。用最小二乘配点法计算河间承压非稳定流问题,算例表明,最小二乘配点法比有限差分法计算精度高,稳定性好。     

Three‐dimensional seismic characterization of a complex sediment drift in the South China Sea: Evidence for unsteady flow regime

This study describes a previously unobserved reflection seismic configuration comprising a honeycomb planform and a repeated erosion/infill cross‐section, based on high‐resolution three‐dimensional/two‐dimensional seismic data and bathymetric data. The honeycomb structures cover an area of more than 5000 km² and are developed within the Late Miocene to recent deep‐water sediments of the north‐western South China Sea. Linear erosional troughs up to 10 km long and 1 km wide are widely developed in this area, are intimately related to the particular seismic configuration and interpreted to represent a new type of sediment drift that is caused by unsteady bottom current regimes operating since the Late Miocene. The unsteady bottom current regimes are suggested to be triggered by irregular seabed morphologies. Considerable sea‐floor topography was generated as a direct result of tectonic movements in the area since the Late Miocene, and this topography then influenced the pathways of strong bottom currents. This study highlights that: (i) an unsteady bottom current regime can be laterally extensive and persist for millions of years; (ii) structurally controlled sea‐floor relief plays an important role in controlling the depositional pattern; and (iii) the bottom currents were active since the Late Miocene, flowing from the south‐east through the Xisha–Guangle Gateway and crossing the honeycomb structure zone. This study documents a new style of drift and will help to improve current knowledge of palaeoceanography and understanding of the South China Sea deep‐water circulation which is at present still poorly understood.     

The impact of hydrograph variability and frequency on sediment transport dynamics in a gravel-bed flume

A laboratory study was undertaken to investigate how changes in flow regime and hydrograph shape (number of cycled hydrographs and duration of each hydrograph) together impact bedload transport and resulting bed morphology. Three hydrologic conditions (experiments) representing different levels of urbanization, or analogously different flow regimes, were derived from measured hydrometric field data. Each experiment consisted of a series of hydrographs with equal peak discharge and varying frequency, duration and flashiness. Bedload transport was measured throughout each hydrograph and measurements of bed topography and surface texture were recorded after each hydrograph. The results revealed hysteresis loops in both the total and fractional transport, with more pronounced loops for longer duration hydrographs, corresponding to lower rate of unsteadiness until reaching the peak discharge (pre-urbanization conditions). Shorter duration hydrographs (urban conditions) displayed more time above critical shear stress thresholds leading to higher bedload transport rates and ultimately to more variable hysteresis patterns. Surface textures from photographic methods revealed surface armoring in all experiments, with larger armor ratios for longer duration hydrographs, speculated to be due to vertical sorting and more time for bed rearrangements to occur. The direction of bed surface adjustment was linked to bedload hysteresis, more precisely with clockwise hysteresis (longer hydrographs) typically resulting in bed coarsening. More frequent and shorter duration hydrographs result in greater relative channel adjustments in slope, topographic variability and surface texture. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Steadiness and stop of brittle fracture driven by the forces in different distances

Introduction The problem of crack stop of fault is of special importance in geosciences. This is because the risk of rupture of large scale fault is taken as the object of investigation in the geosciences. In some meaning, the stop of earthquake rupture is more important than initial because of its influ-ence on the prediction of energy releasing during the earthquake. There are quite a few of factors that cause stop of the fault. For example, the effect of barriers, the rapid healing of shea…     

三维非恒定渗流自由面边界积分项的高精度数值积分

在三维非恒定渗流有限元计算中,不可避免地需计算自由面上的边界积分项。建议一种高精度数值积分的方法求取自由面边界积分项。其基本思路是,基于8节点空间等参单元,根据压力为零的边界条件确定自由面满足的曲面方程,将自由面边界积分转化为ξη平面上的二重积分;然后再计算自由面与三维等参单元的交点,将交点投影到局部坐标平面ξη上,并根据点与线的相对关系,确定投影点所围成的局部坐标积分区域;再将总积分区域划分成若干个三角形子区域,并利用变步长Simpson方法计算各三角形子区域上的二重积分,从而实现了高精度的自由面边界积分。该方法避免了单元中自由面为平面的假设,可提高计算精度,特别对于单元内自由面变化剧烈情况,更为显著。将该方法应用于砂槽模型和土坝的渗流分析中,计算结果与实际情况较为接近。