Techniques for the Determination of Cyanide in a Process Environment: A Review

The determination of cyanide in various forms is important for industrial processes as well as for environmental investigations and monitoring associated with these processes. The accurate determination of cyanide is difficult for various reasons. Depending on the pH of the solution, cyanide is present both in molecular form (HCN) and ionic form (CN). Furthermore, cyanide is a good complexing reagent and reacts with almost all cations resulting in complexes with widely varying properties, such as stabilities, solubilities and rates of reaction. Cyanide also breaks down in sunlight and air, so that sampling and sample treatment become very important aspects to consider in the methodologies. During the last fifty years the determination of cyanide has been approached from various angles and a myriad of methods has been developed for its determination. This study represents a survey of methods commonly used in industrial laboratories for the analysis of cyanide-containing solutions. An overview of the nomenclature often used for the various forms of cyanides is discussed and the values resulting from a particular analysis will be interpreted. Most common interferences in samples originating from gold processing plants will be discussed.     

Arsenic Speciation in a Contaminated Gold Processing Tailings Dam

Gold recovery in ores containing arsenopyrite releases significant amounts of arsenic into the environment due to mineral processing and oxidation during storage. The extent of arsenic weathering in a tailings dam has been investigated. Speciation of As in surface and pore waters and pond sediments showed that for gold tailings in the dam, As enrichment took place in the pore water relative to the surface water. In pond sediments As was predominantly present as residual arsenopyrite and partly as a substance co-precipitated with iron hydroxide. The arsenic release from the sediment results from a reductive dissolution of the arsenopyrite and Fe oxides. In the surface water, arsenate and arsenite are the main arsenic species (arsenate is dominant), but in the pore waters methylation processes play a significant role. Arsenic transport is accompanied by the transformation of As into the less toxic compounds (methylated species) co-existing with the most toxic species (arsenite).     

ICP-AES法同时测定矿样中锆铪

样品经碱熔分离,在一定条件下,应用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法,于同一试液中,同时测定矿样中ＺｒＯ２、ＨｆＯ２含量。     

Grafmov7．6软件在GPS测姿使用中的问题及解决方法

介绍了Grafmov7．6双动态定位处理软件在GPS测姿应用中存在的问题,分析了出现问题的原因和对数据精度的影响,通过软件升级补丁、设置命令,有效地解决了Grafmov7．6软件在事后数据处理中出现的漂移现象,从而保证了GPS测姿系统的精度。     

GOCE gradiometer: estimation of biases and scale factors of all six individual accelerometers by precise orbit determination

A method has been implemented and tested for estimating bias and scale factor parameters for all six individual accelerometers that will fly on-board of GOCE and together form the so-called gradiometer. The method is based on inclusion of the individual accelerometer observations in precise orbit determinations, opposed to the baseline method where so-called common-mode accelerometer observations are used. The method was tested using simulated data from a detailed GOCE system simulator. It was found that the observations taken by individual accelerometers need to be corrected for (1) local satellite gravity gradient (SGG), and (2) rotational terms caused by centrifugal and angular accelerations, due to the fact that they are not located in the satellite’s center of mass. For these corrections, use is made of a reference gravity field model. In addition, the rotational terms are derived from on-board star tracker observations. With a perfect a priori gravity field model and with the estimation of not only accelerometer biases but also accelerometer drifts, scale factors can be determined with an accuracy and stability better than 0.01 for two of the three axes of each accelerometer, the exception being the axis pointing along the long axis of the satellite (more or less coinciding with the flight direction) for which the scale factor estimates are unreliable. This axis coincides with the axis of drag-free control, which results in a small variance of the signal to be calibrated and thus an inaccurate determination of its scale factor in the presence of relatively large (colored) accelerometer observation errors. In the presence of gravity field model errors, it was found that still an accuracy and stability of about 0.015 can be obtained for the accelerometer scale factors by simultaneously estimating empirical accelerations.     

�����������������г�ϫ�㶯Ӱ�����

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????110??????????4 m?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????б?????????????????     

Determination of wave–shoreline dynamics on a macrotidal gravel beach using Canonical Correlation Analysis

This paper describes the application of Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to derive forcing–response relations between the wave climate and shoreline position on a macrotidal gravel barrier located in the southwest of the U.K., and to develop a tool to determine shoreline positions from wave records. The data sequences comprise wave climate recorded by a nearshore directional wave buoy and video-derived shorelines over a time span of one year and a half. The hydrodynamic conditions are used to determine the probability density function of wave heights and alongshore energy fluxes. These are then related to shoreline change through a CCA analysis. The CCA analysis identifies patterns of behaviour of the wave conditions and the shoreline position, and the relation between both patterns is found to provide useful information about the beach response to wave action. The analysis shows that the movement of sediment is greater at the southern end of the study area and that there is an immediate shoreline response to the wave action. In the case of coastal management it is more often the case that wave forecasts are available on a routine basis. The ability of the CCA to provide useful estimates of shorelines from wave conditions was tested by using measured waves to calculate the corresponding shoreline position from additional data at the end of the sequences. Shoreline positions determined with the CCA agreed well with the measured ones. Thus, the CCA is found to be a useful tool to determine unknown shoreline positions and support effective coastal management if good quality hydrodynamic and morphological data are available to input into the initial set-up of the technique.     

小球藻的絮凝沉降及溶气气浮采收研究

研究了氢氧化钠对不同生长时期小球藻液的絮凝效果,比较了絮凝沉降法和溶气气浮法的采收效果,并初步优化了气浮操作参数。结果表明,在小球藻液中添加氢氧化钠能够取得很好的絮凝效果,添加700 mg/L氢氧化钠,沉降30 min即能达到90%的沉降采收率;同等氢氧化钠添加量下,溶气气浮法的采收效果要优于絮凝沉降法;确定的气浮采收最佳操作参数:指数生长期和稳定期藻液的最佳氢氧化钠添加量分别为350 mg/L和600 mg/L,溶气水进水流速为60 L/h,溶气水/藻液体积比为25%。絮凝沉降法中指数生长期和稳定期的小球藻液采收效果相差不大,而溶气气浮法中同等采收条件下指数生长期的采收率高于稳定期,其采收浓缩倍数也略高于稳定期。     

分析室内二维砂槽弥散试验数据的方法

将描述半无限域上的一维稳定渗流二维水动力弥散条件下的溶质浓度在空间上变化规律的近似解析解进行适当变换 ,推导出可用于分析相应条件下的室内砂槽弥散试验数据 ,同时估计多孔介质纵向与横向弥散度aL 和aT 的计算公式。最后 ,利用算例说明了数据分析方法的应用步骤。     

山西组煤层风氧化带深度的确定——以滕县煤田五号井田为例

以滕县煤田五号井田为例 ,在综合分析风化剥蚀面性质和钻孔岩心鉴定资料、煤质化验指标、视电阻率的基础上 ,确定了山西组 3煤层风氧化带的深度 ,对其影响因素进行了探讨 ,并与邻区作了对比。