A comparative analysis of some two-dimensional orderings

Abstract

Many spatial analysis algorithms for cellular representations and data structures are based on an ordering of cells or objects to transform a two-dimensional problem to a one-dimensional one. Several orderings are available and their differing properties influence the performance of the data structures and algorithms. The relative merits of five orderings (row, row prime, Hilbert, Morton and Gray code) are assessed empirically for four paradigmatic geographical data-processing tasks in spatial analysis and data management. It is concluded that the Hilbert ordering deserves further investigation.     

An extended cellular automaton using case‐based reasoning for simulating urban development in a large complex region

Rule‐based cellular automata (CA) have been increasingly applied to the simulation of geographical phenomena, such as urban evolution and land‐use changes. However, these models have difficulties and uncertainties in soliciting transition rules for a large complex region. This paper presents an extended cellular automaton in which transition rules are represented by using case‐based reasoning (CBR) techniques. The common k‐NN algorithm of CBR has been modified to incorporate the location factor to reflect the spatial variation of transition rules. Multi‐temporal remote‐sensing images are used to obtain the adaptation knowledge in the temporal dimension. This model has been applied to the simulation of urban development in the Pearl River Delta which has a hierarchy of cities. Comparison indicates that this model can produce more plausible results than rule‐based CA in simulating this large complex region in 1988–2002.     

Integrative representation and inference of qualitative locations about points,lines, and polygons

Qualitative knowledge representation of spatial locations and relations is popular in many text-based media, for example, postings on social networks, news reports, and encyclopedia, as representing qualitative spatial locations is indispensable to infer spatial knowledge from them. However, an integrative model capable of handling direction-based locations of various spatial objects is missing. This study presents an integrative representation and inference framework about direction-based qualitative locations for points, lines, and polygons. In the framework, direction partitions of different types of reference objects are first unified to create a partition consisting of cells, segments, and corners. They serve as a frame of reference to locate spatial objects (e.g., points, lines, and polygons). Qualitative relations are then defined to relate spatial objects to the elements in a cell partition, and to form the model of qualitative locations. Last, based on the integrative representation, location-based reasoning mechanism is presented to derive topological relations between objects from their locations, such as point–point, line–line, point–line, point–polygon, line–polygon, and polygon–polygon relations. The presented model can locate any type of spatial objects in a frame of reference composed of points, lines, and polygons, and derive topological relations between any pairs of objects from the locations in a unified method.     

A complete classification of spatial relations using the Voronoi-based nine-intersection model

In this article we show that the Voronoi-based nine-intersection (V9I) model proposed by Chen et al. (2001, A Voronoi-based 9-intersection model for spatial relations. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 15 (3), 201–220) is more expressive than what has been believed before. Given any two spatial entities A and B, the V9I relation between A and B is represented as a 3 × 3 Boolean matrix. For each pair of types of spatial entities that is, points, lines, and regions, we first show that most Boolean matrices do not represent a V9I relation by using topological constraints and the definition of Voronoi regions. Then, we provide illustrations for all the remaining matrices. This guarantees that our method is sound and complete. In particular, we show that there are 18 V9I relations between two areas with connected interior, while there are only nine four-intersection relations. Our investigations also show that, unlike many other spatial relation models, V9I relations are context or shape sensitive. That is, the existence of other entities or the shape of the entities may affect the validity of certain relations.     

层次空间推理的机制及其在路径寻找方面的应用

人类对所处的客观世界的认识,具有很明显的空间层次特征,每一层次包含了解决特定问题的必要信息,而层次空间推理是人类在解决具有空间特征问题时常采用的一种方法。本文在探讨了层次空间推理的定义、一般性框架的基础上,重点描述了它在道路网络的路径寻找中的应用。     

基于案例推理的电力设备多故障诊断方法

在分析多故障模式特点的基础上,建立了面向多故障的案例知识库,并提出了一种基于二次检索策略的电力设备多故障诊断方法.采用基于权重隶属度的候选案例生成方法对案例库进行初步检索,有效地减少了候选案例的数量.通过灰色关联分析对案例相似度进行计算,获得最有可能发生的故障案例,避免了多故障组合爆炸所带来的大计算量问题.最后通过实例对所提出的方法进行了说明.     

地理空间可视分析及其研究方向综述

介绍了可视分析的概念和内涵,分析了可视分析与可视化、地理空间可视分析等概念的关系。研究了地理空间可视分析的概念和内涵,在此基础上提出了地理空间可视分析的5个重要研究方向:面向可视分析的地理空间数据转换;多维地理空间数据的深层可视化表达和分析;地理空间可视分析推理;地理空间数据的协同可视分析和决策;地理空间数据可视分析工具的设计和评估。     

考虑三维空间关系的海洋科学数据本体构建及推理研究

海洋科学数据是典型的多源异构三维空间数据,其特征为数据的管理、应用与共享带来了困难.本体作为一种可共享的、明确的、规范化的说明,是处理异构数据的一种有效手段.以构建海洋科学数据本体为目标,首先梳理了海洋空间本体的构建流程.然后针对流程中的两个核心步骤进行了创新和改进:①为更完整地表达海洋空间本体中的对象属性,在海洋科学...     

地理空间关系确定性描述与集成推理

地理要素的空间关系在GIS空间数据建模、空间分析、地图自动综合等方面起着重要作用,研究如何快速判断要素间空间关系是否发生变化,从而有效维护空间关系具有重要的科学意义。对目前有关地理空间关系确定性描述及其集成推理的研究成果进行综合分析与分类,分析其适应性与特点,并就该研究方向存在和需要解决的问题进行分析。     

GIS面目标间拓扑关系的形式化模型

拓扑关系的描述和区分是建立在空间目标相互作用过程中目标集及其分量集合拓扑特性变化基础之上的.建立了GIS中拓扑关系形式化描述和区分的一种广义模型,并与已有的形式化模型进行了比较分析,结果发现现有的形式化方法和模型是广义模型的一些特例.在此基础上,进一步提出了面目标间拓扑关系形式化描述的基本模型,并根据定义的拓扑距离和拓扑复杂性概念,建立了一个新的拓扑关系概念邻域图.